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of Part II.- Section IV: Effects on Organ Systems Other Than the Nervous and the Cardiovascular System.- 1 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Effects on the Respiratory System.- A. Introduction.- B. Epinephrine: A Unique Example of Direct Activator of Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptors.- I. Alpha- and Beta-Receptors in the Respiratory System.- 1. Upper Respiratory Tract.- 2. Lower Respiratory Tract.- 3. Pulmonary Circulation.- 4. Bronchial Circulation.- 5. Ventilation - Perfusion Relationship.- II. Antiasthmatic Use and Airway Resistance.- 1. Classic Physiologic Concept.- 2. Recent Biochemical Concepts.- III. Adverse Effects on the Pulmonary Circulation.- 1. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.- 2. Acute Pulmonary Edema.- IV. Tachyphylaxis and Status Asthmaticus.- V. Epinephrine as Neurohumoral Transmitter of the Airways.- C. Direct Activator of Alpha-Receptors.- I. Norepinephrine.- 1. Pulmonary Vasoconstriction and Pulmonary Edema.- 2. Uptake of Norepinephrine in the Pulmonary Circulation.- II. Dopamine.- III. Phenylephrine.- IV. Methoxamine.- V. Nasal Decongestants.- D. Direct Activators of Beta-Receptors.- I. Isoproterenol.- 1. Antiasthmatic Use and Airway Resistance.- 2. Paradoxical Bronchospasm.- 3. Pulmonary Vasodilation and Venous Admixture.- 4. Toxicity of Aerosol Propellants.- II. Protokylol.- III. Ethylnorepinephrine.- E. Bronchoselective Beta-Activators.- I. Isoetharine.- II. Metaproterenol.- III. Terbutaline.- 1. Bronchomotor System.- 2. Pulmonary Circulation.- IV. Salbutamol.- V. Carbuterol.- VI. Pirbuterol.- VII. Bronchoselective Drugs Under Clinical Investigation.- 1. Albuterol.- 2. Hexoprenaline.- 3. Ibuterol.- 4. Rimiterol.- 5. Zimterol.- F. Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- I. Ephedrine as an Antiasthmatic Drug.- II. Pseudephedrine and Phenylpropanolamine as Oral-Nasal Decongestants.- III. Mephentermine and Metaraminol as Vasopressor Agents.- IV. Aminorex and Chlorphentermine as Anorexigenics.- G. Adrenergic Alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Phenoxybenzamine and Acute Pulmonary Insufficiency.- 1. Correction of Pulmonary Vascular Consequences of Hypoxemia.- 2. Blockade of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction Induced by Catecholamines.- II. Tolazoline and Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension.- III. Phentolamine and Acute Ventricular Failure.- IV. Thymoxamine and Acute Bronchial Asthma.- H. Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- I. Nonselective Adrenergic Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 1. Propranolol.- 2. Sotalol.- 3. Pindolol.- 4. Dichloroisoproterenol.- II. Cardioselective Beta-Receptor Blocking Agents.- 1. Practolol.- 2. Acebutolol.- 3. Atenolol.- 4. Bunitrolol.- I. Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents.- I. Bretylium.- II. Reserpine.- III. Guanethidine.- IV. Methyldopa.- J. Concluding Remarks.- 1. Nasal Congestion and Decongestion.- 2. Bronchial Mucosal Decongestion.- 3. Bronchodilation.- 4. Bronchoconstriction.- 5. Pulmonary Vasodilation.- 6. Pulmonary Vasoconstriction, Congestion, and Edema.- 7. Bronchial Circulation.- References.- 2 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Skeletal Muscles.- A. Introduction.- B. Direct Action on Contractions of Nonfatigued Muscles.- I. Fast-Contracting Muscles.- II. Slow-Contracting Muscles.- III. Other Sympathomimetic Amines and Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- IV. Adrenoceptors.- V. Electrical and Ionic Changes.- 1. Resting Membrane Potential.- 2. Action Potentials.- VI. Effect of Anaesthetic.- VII. Mechanism of Action.- C. Muscle Spindles.- D. Human Muscles.- I. Evoked Contractions.- II. Tremor.- 1. Unwanted Effect of Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators.- 2. Parkinsonian Tremor.- 3. Some Other Types of Tremor.- III. Therapy of Spasticity.- IV. Therapy of Hyperkalaemic Familial Periodic Paralysis.- E. Effects on Chronically Denervated Muscles.- I. Fibrillation.- II. Membrane Potential.- F. Actions on Neuromuscular Transmission.- I. Endplate Potential and Miniature Endplate Potentials.- II. Mechanisms of Action.- G. Effects on Fatigued Muscles.- H. Summary of Effects of Adrenaline.- I. Effects Unrelated to Adrenergic Mechanisms.- I. Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Drugs.- II. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs.- 1. Plasma Membrane.- 2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- References.- 3 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists: Effects on the Digestive System.- A. Introduction.- B. Alpha- and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- I. Effect on Motility.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect on Non-Sphincteric Smooth Muscle.- 3. Effect on Sphincteric Smooth Muscle.- 4. Effect on Acetylcholine Release from Enteric Neurones.- 5. Effect on Noradrenaline Release from Adrenergic Neurones.- 6. Mechanism of Action.- II. Effect on Gastro-Intestinal Vasculature.- III. Effect on Gastric and Intestinal Secretion.- 1. Action of Alpha-and Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- 2. Mechanism of Action.- IV. Effect on Absorption.- V. Summary.- C. Adrenergic Transmitter Releasing Agents.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- IV. Summary.- D. Alpha-and Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Vasculature.- IV. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- 1. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- 2. Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- V. Summary.- E. Adrenergic Neurone Blocking Agents and False Transmitters.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect on Motility.- III. Effect on Gastric Secretion.- IV. Summary.- References.- 4 Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on the Endocrine System.- A. Introduction.- B. Embryologic Relationship of the Neural and Endocrine Systems.- C. Role of Catecholamines in Modulating the Function of the Endocrine System.- I. Mediators of Catecholamine-Induced Modulation of the Endocrine System.- II. Adrenergic Drugs Used to Examine Hormone Secretion and Action.- 1. Neutral Amino Acids.- 2. Enzyme Inhibitors.- 3. Inhibitors of Neuronal Uptake.- 4. Receptor Agonists.- 5. Receptor Antagonists.- 6. Neurotoxins.- 7. Inhibitors of Monoamine Storage and Release.- D. Effects of Adrenergic Agents on the Endocrine System in Laboratory Animals and Man.- I. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pituitary.- 1. Anterior Pituitary.- 2. Posterior Pituitary.- II. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pineal.- III. Adrenergic Drugs and the Thyroid and Parathyroid.- 1. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine.- 2. Thyrocalcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone.- IV. Adrenergic Drugs and the Gut.- V. Adrenergic Drugs and the Pancreas.- 1. Insulin.- 2. Glucagon.- 3. Somatostatin.- VI. Adrenergic Drugs and the Kidney.- 1. Renin-Angiotensin.- 2. Erythropoietin.- 3. Prostaglandins.- E. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Systemic Pharmacology of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors: Effects on the Genital System.- A. Introduction.- B. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Myometrium in Pregnancy.- I. Connection Between the Structure and Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics.- II. Mechanism of Action.- III. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.- C. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Non-Pregnant Uterus.- D. Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on the Fallopian Tubes.- E. Administration of Beta-Sympathomimetic Drugs in Obstetrics.- I. Clinical Studies.- II. Drugs Applied in Clinical Practice.- III. Indications.- IV. Contra-Indications.- V. Methods.- VI. Effectiveness.- F. Maternal Side-Effects of Tocolysis Carried out With Beta-Sympathomimetics.- I. Cardiac Effects.- II. Metabolic Effects.- 1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 2. Lipid Metabolism.- 3. Blood Gases and Acid-Base Balance.- 4. Electrolytes.- 5. Thrombocyte Function.- G. Therapy of the Side-Effects of Beta-Sympathomimetic Treatment.- I. Beta-Receptor Blockers.- II. Calcium Antagonists.- H. Foetal Effects of Tocolysis Carried out With Beta-Sympathomimetics.- I. Diaplacental Penetration.- II. Effect on the Utero-Placental Circulation.- III. Effect on the Foetal Heart.- IV. Myocardium Lesion and Tocolysis.- V. The Effect of Beta-Sympathomimetics on Foetal Pulmonary Maturation.- VI. Effect on Newborns of Beta-Sympathomimetic Treatment of Pregn…