Acid Gas Injection and Related Technologies

Focusing on the engineering of natural gas and its advancement as an increasingly important energy resource, this volume is a must-have for any engineer working in this field.

Acid gas is a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, with small amounts of light hydrocarbons, which is the by-product of the process for removing these unwanted components from raw natural gas. Because companies are no longer allowed to flare (burn off) excess acid gas, acid gas injection has emerged as a technology that is suitable for dealing with small amounts of unwanted acid gas. Gas injection involves the compression of the stream, transportation by pipeline to an injection well, then the fluid travels down the well and into a suitable formation. Larger producers have started to use this technology for their applications and in the future it is predicted that even larger projects will be developed.

This book is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of this technique, which is rapidly increasing in importance and usage in the natural gas and petroleum industry. The authors, a group of the most well-known and respected in the field, discuss, in a series of papers, this technology and related technologies as to how they can best be used by industry.

This process will help companies in the energy industry "go green," by creating a safer, cleaner environment. These techniques also create a more efficient and profitable process in the plant, cutting waste and making operations more streamlined.

This outstanding new volume:

• Covers the most recent advances in natural gas engineering, in both upstream (drilling) and downstream (refining)

• Covers acid gas injection, the method of choice for disposing of small quantities of acid gas

• Covers technologies for working towards a zero-emission process in natural gas production

• Written by a team of the world's most well-known scientists and engineers in the field

Autorentext

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere
Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to
1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest
Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in
Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from
the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum
University in Heilongjiang, China.

John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage
Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary,
Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical
engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and
is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta
and New Brunswick in Canada. His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A
Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the
author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40
technical presentations.

Inhalt
Preface. Introduction.

Acid Gas Injection: Past, Present, and Future (John J. Carroll).

Section 1: Data and Correlation.

1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements For Acid Gas Mixtures (R. A. Marriott, E. Fitzpatrick, F. Bernard, H. H. Wan, K. L. Lesage, P. M. Davis, and P. D. Clark).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Available Literature Data.

1.3 Equilibration Vessels / Techniques.

1.4 Water Analysis.

1.5 Sampling Issues for Analytic Methods.

1.6 Some Recent Results and Future Directions.

2. The Performance of State of the Art Industrial Thermodynamic Models for the Correlation and Prediction of Acid Gas Solubility in Water (Marco A. Satyro and James van der Lee).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Thermodynamic Modeling.

2.3 Water Content.

2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations.

3. The Research on Experiments and Theories about Hydrates in High-Sulfur Gas Reservoirs (Liu Jianyi, Zhang Guangdong, Ye Chongqing, Zhang Jing and Liu Yanli).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Experimental Tests.

3.3 Thermodynamic Model.

3.4 Experimental Evaluation.

3.5 Conclusions.

4. An Association Model for the Correlation of the Solubility of Elemental Sulfur in Sour Gases (Bian Xiaoqing, Du ZHimin and Chen Jing).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Derivation of an Association Model.

4.3 Calculation and Analysis of Solubility.

4.4 Conclusions.

5. Properties of CO2 Relevant To Sequestration - Density (Sara Anwar and John J. Carroll).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Review and Correlation.

5.3 Density.

6. The Experimental Study of the Effect of the CO2 Content on Natural Gas Properties at Gathering Conditions (Du Jianfen, Hu Yue, Guo Ping, Deng Lei, and Yang Suyun).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Experimental Test Process.

6.3 Experimental Principles and Methods.

6.4 Experimental Conditions.

6.5 Analysis of Experimental Results.

6.6 Conclusions.

Section 2: Process Engineering.

7. Dehydration of Acid Gas Prior to Injection (Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, and Peter J. Griffin).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Acid Gas Phase Diagrams.

7.3 Water Content of Acid Gas.

7.4 Water Content of Acid Gas for Different Isotherms.

7.5 Effect of Impurities on Water Content of Acid Gas.

7.6 Acid Gas Dehydration.

7.7 Hydrates of Acid Gas.

7.8 Conclusions.

8. Limitations And Challenges Associated With The Disposal Of Mercaptan-Rich Acid Gas Streams By Injection - A Case Study (Felise Man and John J. Carroll).

8.1 Properties of Mercaptans.

8.2 Limitations of Process Simulation Tools and Process Design.

8.3 Case Study.

8.4 Conclusions.

9. Acid Gas: When to Inject and When to Incinerate (Audrey Mascarenhas).

9.1 Incineration Technology.

9.2 Conclusion.

10. Dynamics of Acid Gas Injection Well Operation (R. Mireault, R. Stocker, D. Dunn, and M. Pooladi-Darvish).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Effects of Gas Composition.

10.3 Determining Wellhead Operating Pressure.

10.4 Computing Wellbore Pressure Changes.

10.5 Example 1.

10.6 Example 2.

10.7 Sensitivity Analysis.

10.8 Conclusions.

Section 3: CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery.

Learnings from CO2 Miscible Floods Provides Design Guidelines for CO2 Sequestration (Jim Louie).

11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Encana Weyburn and Apache Midale Projects.<...