With contributions by numerous experts

Klappentext

With contributions by numerous experts

Inhalt

1. Histology of the enteroehromaffin cell system.- I. Introduction.- II. The elements of the enterochromaffin cell system.- III. Histochemical characteristics of 5-HT of diagnostic importance.- A. Fixability characteristic.- B. Colour reaction.- 1. Chromaffin reactio.- 2. Argentaffin reactions and argentophil.- 3. Diazo reaction.- 4. Pearse's thyo-indoxyl reaction.- 5. Other reactions.- 6. Reactions which do not give the expected positive response.- 7. Various procedures.- C. Fluorescence as a diagnostic criterion.- D. Limits of histochemical diagnosability of 5-HT.- E. Histochemical data obtained by destructive extra-situm methods.- IV. The enterochromaffin cell syste.- A. Enterochromaffin cells.- 1. The typical enterochromaffin cell.- a) Specific granules.- ?) Histochemical characteristics.- ?) Histophysical characteristics.- ?) Ultrastructural data.- ?) Data obtained by homogenization and differential centrifugation.- b) Topographical distribution.- ?) Intestinal distribution.- ?) Extra-intestinal localization.- c) Taxonomical distribution.- 2. Brief notes on the argentophil pre-enterochromaffin cells.- 3. Embryology of the enterochromaffin cell.- a) Time of appearance of the enterochromaffin cell.- b) Experimental embryological data.- c) Origin of the enterochromaffin cell.- 4. Various functional conditions of the enterochromaffin cell.- B. Chromaffin cells of the posterior salivary glands of Octopoda.- C. Chromaffin cells in the hypobranchial gland of Muricidae.- D. Cutaneous poison glands in Amphibians.- E. Chromaffin cells in Calliactis parasitica.- F. Poison gland cells of some scorpions.- G. Mast cells in the rat and the mouse.- V. Localizations of phenolic and indolic substances which cannot be referred to 5-H.- VI. Localizations of 5-HT which cannot be histochemically demonstrated.- VII. Final considerations.- VIII. Technical appendix.- A. Fixations.- 1. Formalin fixation.- 2. Freezing drying.- 3. Fixation for electron-microscopy.- B. Principal reactions.- 1. Chromaffin reactions.- a) Fixation for chromaffin reaction.- b) Reaction on sections.- 2. Iodaffin reactions.- 3. Silver reactions.- a) Argentaffin reaction according to Masson-Hamperl.- b) Argentaffin reaction according to Masson.- c) Methenamine silver argentaffin reaction according to Gomori-Burtner.- d) Bodian's argyrophil technique.- e) Gross-Schultze's modification of Bielchowski's argyrophil technique.- f) Feyrter's adaptation of Gross-Schultze's argyrophil technique to paraffin embedded sections.- 4. Schmorl's reaction.- 5. Diazoreactions.- a) Diazoreaction with the diazotate of sulfanilic acid.- ?) In alkaline solution.- ?) In acid solution.- ?) In alkaline solution with subsequent strong acidification.- b) Diazoreaction with stabilized diazotates.- c) Coupled tetrazonium reaction according to Pearse.- d) Diazosafranin method according to Lillie, Burtner and Henson.- 6. Gibbs's dichloroquinonechlorimide reaction.- 7. Pearse's thioindoxyl reaction.- C. Estimation of the weighted index of granularity in the rat according to Ghiringhelli and Mira.- References.- 2: Chemical analysis of indolealkylamines and related compounds.- A. Isolation and fractionation from biological materia.- I. Extraction procedures.- 1. Acetone extraction.- 2. Butanol extraction.- 3. Other solvent extractions.- II. Chromatographic procedures.- 1. Adsorption chromatography.- 2. Ion exchange chromatography.- 3. Paper chromatography.- 4. Molecular sieving (gel filtration).- III. Paper electrophoresis.- B. Identification.- I. Ultraviolet absorbancy.- II. Fluorescence.- III. Colour reactions.- 1. Aldehyde reactions.- 2. Xanthydrol reaction.- 3. l-Nitroso-2-naphthol reaction.- 4. Diazo reactions.- IV. Countercurrent distribution.- V. Paper chromatography.- 1. Chromatography paper.- 2. Solvent systems.- 3. Location of spots.- 4. Rf values of indolealkylamines and related compounds.- 5. Quantitative paper chromatography.- VI. Thin layer chromatography.- VII. Gas chromatography.- VIII. Paper electrophoresis.- C. Quantitative determination of specific compounds.- I. Simple indoles.- 1. Tryptamine.- 2. Tryptophan.- 3. Indoleacetic acid.- II. 5-Hydroxyindoles.- 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 2. 5-Hydroxytryptophan.- 3. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid.- References.- 3: Bioassay of indolealkylamines.- I. Extraction of 5-HT and related indolealkylamines from tissues and organic fluids.- II. Smooth muscle preparations used in the bioassay of indolealkylamines.- 1. Rat uterus.- a) Erspamer's original method.- b) Gaddum's technique.- 2. Rat fundus strip.- 3. Rat colon.- 4. Guinea-pig ileum.- 5. Isolated rabbit ear.- 6. Molluscan heart.- a) Venus inercenaria.- b) Helix (several species).- c) Spisula (Mactra) solida.- d) Anodonta cygnea.- e) Other molluscs.- 7. Miscellaneous preparations.- III. The relative potency of natural and synthetic indolealkylamines.- References.- 4: Occurrence of indolealkylamines in nature.- I. Introduction.- II. Vertebrates.- 1. Gastro-intestinal tract.- 2. Blood.- 3. Spleen.- 4. Mast cells.- 5. Other extracerebral tissues of mammals.- 6. Central and peripheral nervous system.- 7. Venom of reptiles.- 8. Amphibian skin.- 9. Fish tissues and venoms.- 10. Urine.- 11. Biological fluids and liquids other than urine.- III. Invertebrates.- IV. Plants.- References.- 5: Biosynthesis of indolealkylamines. Physiological release and transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine.- I. Introduction.- II. The hydroxylation of tryptophan.- III. The decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan.- 1. The identity of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase with dopa decarboxylease.- 2. Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase) within the body.- 3. Intracellular distribution of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase).- 4. Pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase).- 5. Substrate specificity of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase).- 6. Inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase).- 7. Studies on 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (dopa decarboxylase) in vivo.- 8. Mechanism of the decarboxylase reaction.- 9. Differences in 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity with age.- IV. Biosynthesis of melatonin.- V. Storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine.- VI. Turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine.- References.- 6: Metabolism of indolealkylamines.- A. Introduction.- B. Enzymes acting on indolealkylamines.- I. Amine oxidases.- 1. The intracellular (and carbonyl-reagent-intensitive) amine oxidase.- a) Preparation of amine oxidase.- b) Intracellular localization of amine oxidase.- c) Distribution of amine oxidase.- d) Histochemistry of amine oxidase.- e) Indolealkylamines as substrates of amine oxidase.- ?) Tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.- ?) N-substituded amines.- ?) Other indolealkylamines.- 2. Amine oxidases inhibited by carbonyl reagents.- 3. Microsomal deaminating enzymes.- 4. Microsomal demethylating enzymes.- II. Reactions of the phenolic hydroxyl groups.- 1. Hydroxyindole oxidases.- 2. Conjugases and dephosphorylase.- 3. Hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase.- III. Introduction of the phenolic hydroxyl groups.- IV. Introduction of N-methyl groups.- V. N-acetylase.- VI. Oxidative deamination and transamination involving 5-hydroxytryptophan.- 1. Amino-acid oxidases.- 2. Transaminases.- C. Metabolism of indolealkylamines.- I. Metabolites arising from deamination reactions.- 1. Metabolites of tryptamine and of its N-methylated derivatives.- 2. Metabolites of 5-hydroxytryptamine and related amines.- a) 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- b) Other 5-hydroxyindolealkylamines.- c) Derivatives of 5-hydroxyindoles.- 3. 4-Hydroxyindoles.- II. N-Acetylated metabolites.- III. Excretion of O-sulphates.- IV. Excretion of O-glucuronides.- V. Formation and excretion of phenolic compounds.- VI. Metabolism of melatonin.- D. Summary.- Reference…