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A Course of Higher Mathematics, Volume IV provides information pertinent to the theory of the differential equations of mathematical physics. This book discusses the application of mathematics to the analysis and elucidation of physical problems.
Organized into four chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the theory of integral equations and of the calculus of variations which together play a significant role in the discussion of the boundary value problems of mathematical physics. This text then examines the basic theory of partial differential equations and of systems of equations in which characteristics play a key role. Other chapters consider the theory of first order equations. This book discusses as well some concrete problems that indicate the aims and ideas of the calculus of variations. The final chapter deals with the boundary value problems of mathematical physics.
This book is a valuable resource for mathematicians and readers who are embarking on the study of functional analysis.
Contenu
Introduction
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Chapter 1 Integral Equations
Examples of the Formation of Integral Equations
The Classification of Integral Equations
Orthogonal Systems of Functions
Fredholm Equations of the Second Kind
Method of Successive Approximations and the Resolvent
Existence and Uniqueness Theorem
Fredholm's Determinant
Fredholm's Equation for Any
Adjoint Integral Equation
The Case of an Eigenvalue
11· Fredholm Minors
Degenerate Equations
Examples
Generalization of the Results Obtained
The Selection Principle
The Selection Principle (Continued)
Unbounded Kernels
Integral Equations with Unbounded Kernels
The Case of an Eigenvalue
Equations with Continuous Iterated Kernels
Symmetric Kernels
Expansion in Eigenfunctions
Dini's Theorem
Expansion of Iterated Kernels
Classification of Symmetric Kernels
Extremal Properties of the Eigenfunctions
Mercer's Theorem
The Case of a Weakly Polar Kernel
Non-Homogeneous Equations
Fredholm's Treatment in the Case of a Symmetric Kernel
Hermitian Kernels
Equations Reducible to Symmetric Equations
Examples
Kernels Depending on a Parameter
Space of Continuous Functions
Linear Operators
Existence of the Eigenvalue
Sequences of Eigenvalues and Expansion Theorem
Space of Complex Continuous Functions
Completely Continuous Integral Operators
Normal Operators
The Case of Functions of Several Variables
Volterra's Equation
Laplace Transformation
Convolution of Functions
Volterra Equation of Special Type
Volterra Equation of the First Kind
Examples
Weighted Integral Equations
Integral Equation of the First Kind with Cauchy Kernels
Boundary Value Problems for Analytic Functions
Integral Equations of the Second Kind with Cauchy Kernels
Boundary Value Problems for the Case of a Segment
Inversion of a Cauchy Type Integral
Fourier's Integral Equation
Equations in the Case of an Infinite Interval
Examples
The Case of a Semi-Infinite Interval
Examples
More General Equations
Chapter II The Calculus of Variations
Statement of the Problem
Fundamental Lemmas
Euler's Equation in the Elementary Case
The Case of Several Functions and Higher Order Derivatives
The Case of Multiple Integrals
Remarks on the Euler and Ostrogradskii Equations
Examples
Isoperimetric Problems
Conditional Extremum
Examples
Invariance of the Euler and Ostrogradskii Equations
Parametric Forms
Geodesies in n-Dimensional Space
Natural Boundary Conditions
Functionals of a More General Type
General Form of the First Variation
Transversality Condition
Canonical Variables
Field of Extremals in Threedimensional Space
Theory of Fields in the General Case
A Singular Case
Jacobi's Theorem
Discontinuous Solutions
One-Sided Extrema
Second Variation
Jacobi's Condition
Weak and Strong Extrema
Weierstrass's Function
Examples
The Ostrogradskii-Hamilton Principle
Principle of Least Action
Strings and Membranes
Rods and Plates
the Fundamental Equations of the Theory of Elasticity
Absolute Extrema
Absolute Extrema (Continued)
Direct Methods of the Calculus of Variations
Examples
Chapter III Fundamental Theory of Partial Differential Equations
§ 1. First Order Equations
Linear Equations with Two Independent Variables
Cauchy's Problem and Characteristics
The Case of Any Number of Variables
Examples
Auxiliary Theorem
104.Non-Linear First Order Equations
Characteristic Manifolds
Cauchy's Method
Cauchy's Problem
Uniqueness of the Solution
The Singular Case
Any Number of Independent Variables
Complete, General and Singular Integrals
the Complete Integral and Cauchy's Problem
Examples
The Case of Any Number of Variables
Jacobi's Theorem
Systems of Two First Order Equations
The Lagrange-Charpit Method
Systems of Linear Equations
Complete and Jacobian Systems
Integration of Complete Systems
Poisson Brackets
Jacobi's Method
Canonical Systems
Examples
The Method of Majorant Series
Kovalevskaya's Theorem
Equations of Higher Order
§ 2. Equations of Higher Orders
Types of Second Order Equation
Equations with Constant Coefficients
Normal Forms with Two Independent Variables
Cauchy's Problem
Characteristic Strips
Higher Order Derivatives
Real and Imaginary Characteristics
Fundamental Theorems
Intermediate Integrals
The Monge-Ampere Equations
Characteristics with Any Number of Independent Variables
Bicharacteristics
The Connection with Variational Problems
The Propagation of a Surface of Discontinuity
Strong Discontinuities
Riemann's Method
Characteristic Initial Data
Existence Theorems
Method of Successive Approximations
Green's Formula
Sobolev's Formula
Sobolev's Formula (Continued)
Construction of the Function A
The General Case of Initial Data
Generalized Wave Equation
The Case of Any Number of Independent Variables
Basic Inequalities
Theorems on the Uniqueness and Continuous Dependence of the Solutions
The Case of the Wave Equation
Supplementary Propositions
Generalized Solutions of the Wave Equation
Equations of the Elliptic Type
Generalized Solution of Poisson's Equation
§ 3. Systems of Equations
Characteristics of Systems of Equations
Kinematic Compatibility Conditions
Dynamic Compatibility Conditions
The Equations of Hydrodynamics
Equations of the Theory of Elasticity
Anisotropie Elastic Media
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