Novel Plant Bioresources

Novel Plant Bioresources: Applications in Food, Medicine and
Cosmetics serves as the definitive source of information on
under-utilized plant species, and fills a key niche in our
understanding of the relationship of human beings with
under-utilized plants. By covering applications in food, medicine
and cosmetics, the book has a broad appeal.

In a climate of growing awareness about the perils of
biodiversity loss, the world is witnessing an unprecedented
interest in novel plants, which are increasingly prized for their
potential use in aromas, dyes, foods, medicines and cosmetics. This
book highlights these plants and their uses. After an introductory
section which sets the scene with an overview of the historical and
legislative importance of under-utilized plants, the main four
parts of the book are dedicated to the diverse potential
application of novel plant bioresources in Food, Medicine,
Ethnoveterinary Medicine and Cosmetics.

Examples and contributors are drawn from Africa, Europe, the USA
and Asia. The economic, social, and cultural aspects of
under-utilized plant species are addressed, and the book provides a
much needed boost to the on-going effort to focus attention on
under-utilized plant species and conservation initiatives. By
focusing on novel plants and the agenda for sustainable
utilization, Novel Plant Bioresources highlights key issues
relevant to under-utilized plant genetic resources, and brings
together international scholars on this important topic.

Auteur

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim is Professor and Managing Director at the Centre for Phytotherapy Research (CEPHYR) in Mauritius. She has authored several books on medicinal plants and on the flora of Mauritius and Africa and has received several international prizes. In 2013, she receives the Honorary Doctorate from the Universite Pierre Marie Curie (Sorbonne Universites) and is also Honorary Professor at UNISA, Pretoria, South Africa.

Résumé

Novel Plant Bioresources: Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics serves as the definitive source of information on under-utilized plant species, and fills a key niche in our understanding of the relationship of human beings with under-utilized plants. By covering applications in food, medicine and cosmetics, the book has a broad appeal.

In a climate of growing awareness about the perils of biodiversity loss, the world is witnessing an unprecedented interest in novel plants, which are increasingly prized for their potential use in aromas, dyes, foods, medicines and cosmetics. This book highlights these plants and their uses. After an introductory section which sets the scene with an overview of the historical and legislative importance of under-utilized plants, the main four parts of the book are dedicated to the diverse potential application of novel plant bioresources in Food, Medicine, Ethnoveterinary Medicine and Cosmetics.

Examples and contributors are drawn from Africa, Europe, the USA and Asia. The economic, social, and cultural aspects of under-utilized plant species are addressed, and the book provides a much needed boost to the on-going effort to focus attention on under-utilized plant species and conservation initiatives. By focusing on novel plants and the agenda for sustainable utilization, Novel Plant Bioresources highlights key issues relevant to under-utilized plant genetic resources, and brings together international scholars on this important topic.

Contenu

List of contributors xiii

Foreword xvii

PART ONE NOVEL PLANT BIORESOURCES: APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE, COSMETICS, ETC. 1

1 Plant Diversity in Addressing Food, Nutrition and Medicinal Needs 3
M.E. Dulloo, D. Hunter and D. Leaman

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 7

1.3 Plant genetic diversity for nutrition 10

1.4 Plant diversity for medicines 14

2 World Health Organization Perspective for Traditional Medicine 23
Ossy M. J. Kasilo and Jean-Baptiste Nikiema

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Policies on traditional medicine 24

2.3 Tools and guidelines 24

2.4 Implementation of the regional strategy on traditional medicine 35

2.5 The way forward 40

2.6 Conclusion 41

3 Cultivation of Novel Medicinal Plant Products and Associated Challenges 43
Ulrich Feiter

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Basic principles of novel crop cultivation 43

3.3 Case study 1: Pelargonium sidoides 51

3.4 Case study 2: Sutherlandia frutescens 52

3.5 Case study 3: Euphorbia resinifera 54

3.6 Conclusion 55

4 Enabling Technologies to Facilitate Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery from African Biodiversity 57
Nyaradzo, T., L. Chigorimbo-Murefu, Grace Mugumbate and Kelly Chibale

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Enabling-technology platforms 59

4.3 Natural product diversification and drug metabolite generation platform 65

4.4 Conclusion 65

5 Assessing Biodiversity: A Molecular Approach Using DNA Sequencing 69
Yasmina Jaufeerally-Fakim

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Taxonomy and evolution 69

5.3 Assessing diversity 70

5.4 DNA sequencing and barcoding 73

5.5 Plant genomics 75

5.6 Analysis of marker data 79

6 Conservation of Endangered Wild Harvested Medicinal Plants: Use of DNA Barcoding 81
Sarina Veldman, Joseph Otieno, Barbara Gravendeel, Tinde van Andel and Hugo de Boer

6.1 Wild harvested medicinal plants: background and challenges 81

6.2 DNA barcoding general 82

6.3 DNA barcoding and species delimitation 82

6.4 DNA barcodes for plants 83

6.5 Examples of DNA barcoding of cryptic and prepared plant material 83

6.6 Plant DNA authentication, verification and certification 85

6.7 Future opportunities and challenges 85

7 Market Entry, Standards and Certification 89
Susan A. Wren

7.1 Sustainable utilization of indigenous plant products 89

7.2 Market entry 90

7.3 Certification 93

7.4 Developing indigenous plant-based enterprises as viable businesses with developing country communities 102

8 European Union Market Access Categories and Regulatory Requirements for Novel Natural Products 107
Thomas Brendler and L. Denzil Philipps

8.1 Introduction 107

8.2 Raw materials 107

8.3 Finished products 111

8.4 Summary 122

9 Nutrition, Health and Food Security: Evidence and Priority Actions 125
L. J. Ferrao and T. H. Fernandes

9.1 Introduction 125

9.2 Well-being and nutrition 125

9.3 Traditional food cultures 126

9.4 Nutrition in pregnancy and infancy 126

9.5 Health and nutrition education is central for development 127

9.6 Research and development 128

9.7 Role of agricultural growth on reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition 128

9.8 Concluding remarks 129

PART TWO MEDICINE (PLANTS AS MEDICINE: HUMANS AND ANIMAL HEALTH) 131 10 Anticancer Potential of African Plants: The Experience of the United States National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health 133
*John A. Beutle...