LTE Small Cell Optimization

LTE network capabilities are enhanced with small cell deployment, with optimization and with new 3GPP features. LTE networks are getting high loaded which calls for more advanced optimization. Small cells have been discussed in the communications industry for many years, but their true deployment is happening now. New 3GPP features in Release 12 and 13 further push LTE network performance. This timely book addresses R&D and standardization activities on LTE small cells and network optimization, focusing on 3GPP evolution to Release 13. It covers LTE small cells from specification to products and field results; Latest 3GPP evolution to Release 13; and LTE optimization and learnings from the field.

Auteur
Harri Holma, Antti Toskala and Jussi Reunanen, Nokia (Finland and Thailand).

Contenu

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

List of Abbreviations xvii

1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 LTE Global Deployments and Devices 2

1.3 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 3

1.4 LTE Technology Evolution 4

1.5 LTE Spectrum 5

1.6 Small Cell Deployments 6

1.7 Network Optimization 7

1.8 LTE Evolution Beyond Release 13 8

1.9 Summary 9

References 9

2 LTE and LTE Advanced in Releases 811 11
Antti Toskala

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Releases 8 and 9 LTE 11

2.2.1 Releases 8 and 9 Physical Layer 12

2.2.2 LTE Architecture 17

2.2.3 LTE Radio Protocols 17

2.3 LTE Advanced in Releases 10 and 11 19

2.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 19

2.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Enhancements 23

2.3.3 HetNet Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 23

2.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission 25

2.4 UE Capability in Releases 811 26

2.5 Conclusions 28

References 28

3 LTE-Advanced Evolution in Releases 1213 29
Antti Toskala

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Machine-Type Communications 29

3.3 Enhanced CoMP 34

3.4 FDDTDD Carrier Aggregation 35

3.5 WLAN-Radio Interworking 37

3.6 Device-to-Device Communication with LTE 39

3.7 Single Cell Point to Multipoint Transmission 41

3.8 Release 12 UE Capabilities 42

3.9 Conclusions 42

References 43

4 Small Cell Enhancements in Release 12/13 45
Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Tero Henttonen and Jari Lindholm

4.1 Introduction 45

4.2 Small Cell and Dual Connectivity Principles 45

4.3 Dual Connectivity Architecture Principle 46

4.4 Dual Connectivity Protocol Impacts 47

4.5 Dual Connectivity Physical Layer Impacts and Radio Link Monitoring 49

4.6 Other Small Cell Physical Layer Enhancement 53

4.6.1 256QAM for LTE Downlink 53

4.6.2 Small Cell ON/OFF Switching and Enhanced Discovery 53

4.6.3 Power Saving with Small Cell ON/OFF 56

4.6.4 Over the Air Synchronization Between eNodeBs 56

4.7 Release 13 Enhancements 56

4.8 Conclusions 57

References 57

5 Small Cell Deployment Options 59
Harri Holma and Benny Vejlgaard

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Small Cell Motivation 60

5.3 Network Architecture Options 60

5.4 Frequency Usage 64

5.5 Selection of Small Cell Location 65

5.6 Indoor Small Cells 67

5.6.1 Distributed Antenna Systems 67

5.6.2 Wi-Fi and Femto Cells 68

5.6.3 Femto Cell Architecture 70

5.6.4 Recommendations 72

5.7 Cost Aspects 72

5.7.1 Macro Network Extension 73

5.7.2 Outdoor Small Cells 73

5.7.3 Outdoor Pico Cluster 73

5.7.4 Indoor Offloading 74

5.8 Summary 74

References 75

6 Small Cell Products 77
Harri Holma and Mikko Simanainen

6.1 Introduction 77

6.2 3GPP Base Station Categories 78

6.3 Micro Base Stations 78

6.4 Pico Base Stations 80

6.5 Femtocells 83

6.6 Low-Power Remote Radio Heads 84

6.6.1 Alternative Remote Radio Head Designs for Indoor Use 86

6.7 Distributed Antenna Systems 87

6.8 Wi-Fi Integration 87

6.9 Wireless Backhaul Products 89

6.10 Summary 90

Reference 90

7 Small Cell Interference Management 91
Rajeev Agrawal, Anand Bedekar, Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, Klaus Pedersen and Beatriz Soret

7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Packet Scheduling Solutions 93...