Na-ion Batteries

This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced
Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to
Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative
electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial
part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible
alternative to classical electrolytes with the development of ionic
liquid-based electrolytes is also explored.

Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality
of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation
takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in
furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is
commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last
chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for
complementary applications and markets.

Auteur

Laure Monconduit holds a PhD from the Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel and is CNRS Senior Researcher at Charles Gerhardt Institute (CNRS UMR 5253) at the University of Montpellier, France. Her current research interests include the synthesis and characterization of negative electrode materials for Li-ion, and post-Li systems (Na-, K-, Mg-ion) by operando characterization techniques. Laurence Croguennec holds a PhD from the Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel at Nantes University, France, and is CNRS Senior Researcher at ICMCB in Bordeaux, France. Her research is focused in the field of electrode materials for Li- and Na-ion batteries: crystal chemistry of oxides and phosphates, and the characterization of mechanisms involved upon cycling.

Texte du rabat
This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advancedNa-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger toLi-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negativeelectrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucialpart of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possiblealternative to classical electrolytes with the development of ionicliquid-based electrolytes is also explored.

Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the qualityof the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradationtakes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements infurthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal iscommercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the lastchapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries forcomplementary applications and markets.

Résumé
This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible alternative to classical electrolytes with the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes is also explored. Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for complementary applications and markets.

Contenu
Introduction **xi
**Laure MONCONDUIT and Laurence CROGUENNEC

Chapter 1. Layered NaMO2 for the Positive Electrode **1
**Shinichi KOMABA and Kei KUBOTA

1.1. Research history of layered transition metal oxides as electrode materials for Na-ion batteries until 2009 1

1.2. Crystal structures of layered materials 4

1.2.1. Crystal structures of synthesizable NaxMO2 4

1.2.2. Structural changes of O3-NaMO2 by Na extraction 7

1.2.3. Structural changes of P2-NaxMO2 by Na extraction 9

1.3. O3-type layered materials 10

1.3.1. NaMO2 (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) 10

1.3.2. O3-Na[M,M']O2 (M, M' = transition metals) 19

1.3.3. Moist air stability of O3-NaMO2 and surface coating 24

1.4. P2-type layered materials 26

1.4.1. Practical issues of P2-type materials for Na-ion batteries 26

1.4.2. P2-Na2/3[Mn,Co,M]O2 28

1.4.3. P2-Na2/3[Mn,Fe,M]O2 29

1.4.4. P2-Na2/3[Ni,Mn,M]O2 30

1.5. Summary and prospects 32

1.6. Acknowledgments 33

1.7. References 33

Chapter 2. Polyanionic-Type Compounds as Positive Electrodes for Na-ion batteries **47
**Long H. B. NGUYEN, Fan CHEN, Christian MASQUELIER and Laurence CROGUENNEC

2.1. Introduction 47

2.1.1. Oxides and polyanionic frameworks as positive electrodes for sodium ion-batteries 47

2.1.2. NASICONs and Na3V2(PO4)2F3 50

2.2. NASICON structures as model frameworks in sodium-ion battery applications 53

2.2.1. Compositional diversity from solid electrolytes to electrodes 53

2.2.2. NASICON-typed materials as electrodes for Na batteries 55

2.2.3. Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) 58

2.3. Na3V2(PO4)2F3 used as a model framework in sodium-ion battery applications 69

2.3.1. Structural description and compositional diversity 69

2.3.2. Na3V2(PO4)2F3: a promising active material for positive electrodes in NIBs 72

2.3.3. Oxygen substitution in Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and its effects on the electrochemical performance of substituted phases 75

2.3.4. Paving the way toward Na3V2(PO4)2F3 with superior performance 80

2.4. Conclusion and perspectives 86

2.5. References 87

Chapter 3. Hard Carbon for Na-ion Batteries: From Synthesis to Performance and Storage Mechanism **101
**Carolina DEL MAR SAAVEDRA RIOS, Adrian BEDA, Loic SIMONIN and Camélia MATEI GHIMBEU

3.1. Introduction 101

3.2. What is a hard carbon? 103

3.3. Hard carbon synthesis and microstructure 105

3.3.1. Synthetic precursors-based hard carbon synthesis 107

3.3.2. Bio-polymers derived hard carbon synthesis 110

3.3.3. Biomass-based hard carbon synthesis 112

3.4. Hard carbon characteristics 116

3.4.1. Hard carbon structure 116

3.4.2. Hard carbon porosity 118

3.4.3. Hard carbon surface chemistry 121

3.4.4. Hard carbon structural defects 124

3.5. Electrochemical performance 126

3.5.1. Materials performance 126

3.5.2. Full Na-ion system performance 131

3.5.3. Sodium insertion mechanisms in hard carbon 132 3.6. Con...