Focus, Evaluativity, and Antonymy

This book uncovers properties of focus association with 'only' by examining the interaction between the particle and bare (or evaluative) gradable terms. Its empirical building blocks are paradigms involving upward-scalar terms like 'few' and 'rarely', and their downward-scalar antonyms 'many' and 'frequently', an area that has not been studied previously in the literature. The empirical claim is that associations of the former type give rise to unexpected readings, and the proposed theoretical explanation draws on the properties of the latter type of association. In presenting the details, the book deconstructs the so-called scalar presupposition of 'only' and derives it from constraints against its vacuous use. This view is then combined with a semantics of the evaluative adjectives 'many' and 'few' to explain why the unavailable (but expected) meanings of the given constructions are unavailable. The attested (but unexpected) readings of 'only+few/rarely' associations are derived from independently motivated LFs in which the degree expressions are existentially closed. Finally, the book provides new findings, based on the core proposal, about 'only if' constructions, and about the interaction between 'only' and other upward-scalar modified numerals (comparatives, and 'at most'). The book thus provides new data and a new theoretical view of the semantic properties of 'only', and connects it to the semantics of gradable expressions.

Presents a problematic data paradigm for current views of the semantics of only Argues for a simplified vacuity-based account only's scalar presupposition Diagnoses an unnoticed asymmetry between the semantic contribution of only, and scalar implicature

Auteur

Sam Alxatib is assistant professor in the linguistics department at the CUNY Graduate Center. He holds a B.Sc. in Computer Science from the University of British Columbia, an M.A. in Linguistics from Simon Fraser University, and a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is interested in formal semantics, formal pragmatics, and the syntax-semantics interface, and has worked on issues of focus semantics, scalar implicature and exhaustification, gradability and vagueness, the semantics of tense, aspect, and modality, and (anti-)presupposition.

Contenu

Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Only and its inferences.- Chapter 3. The positive morpheme and its interaction with only.- Chapter 4. The proposal.- Chapter 5. Only if, its interaction with POS, and its scalar presupposition.- Chapter 6. Conclusions and extensions. <p