Pollution Control Instrumentation for Oil and Effluents

The scale of global transportation of oil cargoes has led to a demand for increased control and international legislation to combat accidental and operational dis charges of oily wastes and residues at sea. Since 1954 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO)* has provided the international forum for the development of several proposals for controlling oil pollution from shipping, which culminated in the 1973 International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships and the 1978 Protocol relating to this Convention, together known as MARPOL 73178. Apart from the requirement for improvements in the constructional design of tankers, and operational procedures to enhance both safety and pollution control in the carriage of oil and other noxious substances at sea, MARPOL 73178 called for the extensive installation of oil discharge monitoring, control and separating equipment on board ships and offshore platforms. The 1973 Convention came into force in October 1983, twelve months after sufficient countries had ratified it and agreed to abide by the international rules and regulations. As a result, a large number of systems have now been installed and are operational. The demand to separate oil from water to give an oil content of less than 15 parts per million (ppm) and measure this on-line in an extremely difficult environment has pro vided a considerable impetus for the development of novel and robust instrumen tation and systems.

Contenu
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 The role of IMO and the progress of Marine Pollution Legislation.- 1.3 Oil Sources and Marine Transportation for Hydrocarbons.- 1.4 Operational Discharges at Sea.- 1.5 Fate and Environmental Impact of Oil Discharges at Sea.- 1.6 Scope of the Book.- References.- 2 Oil pollution control and international legislation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Development of MARPOL 73/78.- 2.3 Operational Procedures.- 2.4 Bilge and Fuel Oil Discharges.- 2.5 Reception Facilities.- 2.6 Enforcement.- References.- 3 Technical requirements of the IMO international performance and test specifications for shipboard oil pollution instrumentation for oily water separation monitoring and control.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Performance and Test Specifications concerning Oily Water Separators and Oil Filtering Equipment.- 3.3 Performance and Test Specifications for Oil Content Meters.- 3.4 The Control System.- 3.5 Overboard Discharge Arrangements with Part Flow Presentation.- Appendix 3.1 Unified InterpretationAnnex II MARPOL 73/78.- 4 Oil content monitorsa technical appraisal of the state of the art.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Techniques for Measurement of Oil-in-Water.- 4.3 Shipboard Installation of Monitor Systems.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Problems of testing oil content monitors to the MARPOL 73/78 specifications.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 General Test Rig Requirements and Operational Problems.- 5.3 Monitor Tests.- 5.4 Grab Samples and Infrared Analysis.- 5.5 The Full Control Systems and Functional Testing.- References.- 6 Oil content monitorsa review of available equipment.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 General Review.- 6.3 Installation.- 6.4 Available Monitor Systems.- 6.5 Shipboard Experience.- 6.6 Flowmeters.- References.- Appendix 6.1.- 7 Atechnical review of the principles of oilwater separation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Principles of Oil-Water Separation.- 7.3 Oil-Water Separation Technology.- 7.4 Summary.- References.- 8 Problems of laboratory testing oil-water separators.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Resolution A.393(X)196 8.2.1 Technical Specification-Part II of Annex to A.3 93(X).- 8.3 Resolution A.444(XI).- 8.4 The Test Rig.- References.- 9 Technical requirements of the IMO international performance and test specification concerning oily water separators and process units.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Separation ProcessesThe Practical Problems.- 9.3 Separator Systems.- 9.4 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Interface detection.- 10.1 Introduction and Requirements.- 10.2 Test Specification for Oil/Water Interface Detector (MEPC XIII/9 Annex 3).- 10.3 Interface and Level Detection, System Implications.- 10.4 Available Interface Detectors.- 10.5 Conclusions-and the Future.- Appendix 10.1 Resolution MEPC.5(XIII) Annex 3 specification for oil/water interface detector.- Appendix 10.2 Department of Trade Certificate of Inspection and Tests: The Bestobell-Mobrey 'Sensali' Oil/Water Interface Detector.- 11 Large scale treatment of oil-contaminated waterreception facilities.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Sources of Oily Water: Quantities and Characteristics.- 11.3 Available Techniques for the Treatment of Oily Water.- 11.4 Environmental Impact of Oily Water Discharges.- 11.5 Examples of Different Reception Facilities.- 11.6 Discussion.- References.- 12 Methods of disposal of recovered oil and sludge.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Methods of Oil Recovery from Operational Activities.- 12.3 Disposal of Recovered Oil310 12.3.1 Removal of Water.- 12.4 Sludge Disposal.- References.- 13 Offshore production platforms.- 13.1Introduction.- 13.2 Operational Discharges from Platforms.- 13.3 Controls.- 13.4 Production Water Separation Processes.- 13.5 Separation of Displacement Water and Platform Drainage.- 13.6 Discussion.- References.- Appendix A Resolution A.393(X).- Appendix B Resolution A.441(XI).- Appendix C Resolution A.586(14).