Design of Power Management Integrated Circuits

Auteur

Bernhard Wicht, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.
Bernhard Wicht is a Full Professor of mixed-signal integrated circuit design at Leibniz University Hannover. Between 2003 and 2010, he was with Texas Instruments in Freising, Germany, responsible for the design of automotive power management ICs. He has been a member of the Technical Program Committee of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) since 2018, serving as the chair of the Power Management subcommittee since 2023. He was a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society in 2020-2021.

Texte du rabat

"This book is a comprehensive reference for power management IC design. The book covers the circuit design of main power management circuits like charge pumps, bridge drivers, linear and switched-mode voltage regulators. Sub-circuits include power switches, gate drivers and their supply, level shifters, the error amplifier, current sensing and control loop design. Circuits for protection and diagnostics as well as system design aspects like pin-out, floor planning, grounding/supply guidelines will also be addressed."--

Résumé
Comprehensive resource on power management ICs affording new levels of functionality and applications with cost reduction in various fields Design of Power Management Integrated Circuits is a comprehensive reference for power management IC design, covering the circuit design of main power management circuits like linear and switched-mode voltage regulators, along with sub-circuits such as power switches, gate drivers and their supply, level shifters, the error amplifier, current sensing, and control loop design. Circuits for protection and diagnostics, as well as aspects of the physical design like lateral and vertical power delivery, pin-out, floor planning, grounding/supply guidelines, and packaging, are also addressed. A full chapter is dedicated to the design of integrated passives. The text illustrates the application of power management integrated circuits (PMIC) to growth areas like computing, the internet of Things, mobility, and renewable energy. Includes numerous real-world examples, case studies, and exercises illustrating key design concepts and techniques. Offering a unique insight into this rapidly evolving technology through the author's experience developing PMICs in both the industrial and academic environment, Design of Power Management Integrated Circuits includes information on: Capacitive, inductive and hybrid DC-DC converters and their essential circuit blocks, covering error amplifiers, comparators, and ramp generators Sensing, protection, and diagnostics, covering thermal protection, inductive loads and clamping structures, under-voltage, reference and power-on reset generation Integrated MOS, MOM and MIM capacitors, integrated inductors Control loop design and PWM generation ensuring stability and fast transient response; subharmonic oscillations in current mode control (analysis and circuit design for slope compensation) DC behavior and DC-related circuit design, covering power efficiency, line and load regulation, error amplifier, dropout, and power transistor sizing Commonly used level shifters (including sizing rules) and cascaded (tapered) driver sizing and optimization guidelines * Optimizing the physical design considering packaging, floor planning, EMI, pinout, PCB design and thermal design Design of Power Management Integrated Circuits is an essential resource on the subject for circuit designers/IC designers, system engineers, and application engineers, along with advanced undergraduate students and graduate students in related programs of study.

Contenu

Preface vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Is a Power Management IC and What Are the Key Requirements? 2 1.2 The Smartphone as a Typical Example 3 1.3 Fundamental Concepts 4 1.4 Power Management Systems 8 1.5 Applications 10 1.6 IC Supply Voltages 21 1.7 Power Delivery 22 1.8 Technology, Components and Co-Integration 28 1.9 A Look at the Market 34 2 The Power Stage 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 On-Resistance and Dropout 39 2.3 Parasitic Capacitances 41 2.4 The Body Diode 42 2.5 Switching Behavior 44 2.6 Gate Current and Gate Charge 56 2.7 Losses 59 2.8 Dead Time Generation 69 2.9 Soft-Switching 73 2.10 Switch Stacking 75 2.11 Back-to-Back Configuration 78 3 Semiconductor Devices 81 3.1 Discrete Power Transistors 82 3.2 Power Transistors in Integrated Circuits 90 3.3 Parasitic Effects 98 3.4 Safe Operating Area (SOA) 104 3.5 Integrated Diodes 107 4 Integrated Passives 113 4.1 Capacitors 113 4.2 Inductors 118 5 Gate Drivers and Level Shifters 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Gate Driver Configurations 136 5.3 Driver Circuits 139 5.4 DC Characteristics 140 5.5 Driving Strength 142 5.6 The CMOS Inverter as a Gate Driver 144 5.7 Gate Driver with Single-Stage Inverter 151 5.8 Cascaded Gate Drivers 158 5.9 External Gate Resistor 170 5.10 dv/dt Triggered Turn-on 171 5.11 Bootstrap Gate Supply 175 5.12 Level Shifters 178 6 Protection and Sensing 201 6.1 Over-voltage Protection 202 6.2 Over-voltage Protection for Inductive Loads 203 6.3 Temperature Sensing and Thermal Protection 206 6.4 Bandgap Voltage and Current Reference 209 6.5 Short Circuits and Open Load 215 6.6 Current Sensing 217 6.7 Zero-Crossing Detection 234 6.8 Under-voltage Lockout 237 6.9 Power-on Reset 239 7 Linear Voltage Regulators 245 7.1 Fundamental Circuit and Control Concept 245 7.2 Dropout Voltage 248 7.3 DC Parameters 250 7.4 The Error Amplifier 255 7.5 Frequency Behavior and Stability 257 7.6 Transient Behavior 264 7.7 Noise in Linear Regulators 269 7.8 Power Supply Rejection 272 7.9 Soft-Start 273 7.10 Capacitor-Less LDO 274 7.11 Flipped Voltage Follower LDO 276 7.12 The Shunt Regulator 279 7.13 Digital LDOs 281 8 Charge Pumps 289 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Analysis of the Fundamental Charge Pump 291 8.3 Influence of Parasitics 295 8.4 Charge Pump Implementation 297 8.5 Power Efficiency 302 8.6 Cascading of Pumping Stages 306 8.7 Other Charge Pump Configurations 307 8.8 Current-Source Charge Pumps 308 8.9 Charge Pumps Suitable as a Floating Gate Supply 309 8.10 Closed-loop Control 312 9 Capacitive DC-DC Converters 315 9.1 Introduction 315 9.2 Realizable Ratios 319 9.3 Switched-Capacitor Topologies 321 9.4 Gate Drive Techniques 324 9.5 Charge Flow Analysis 325 9.6 Output Voltage Ripple 337 9.7 Topology Selection 339 9.8 Capacitor and Switch Sizing 340 9.9 Loss Analysis and Efficiency 345 9.10 Multi-Phase SC Converters 352 9.11 Multi-Ratio SC Converters 357 9.12 Multi-Phase Interleaving 367 9.13 Control Methods 368 10 Inductive DC-DC Converters 375 10.1 The Fundamental Buck Converter 375 10.2 Losses and Power Conversion Efficiency 383 10.3 Closing the Loop 385 10.4 Hysteretic Control 386 10.5 Voltage-Mode Control (VMC) 387 10.6 Current-Mode Control (CMC) 397 10.7 Constant On-time Control 407 10.8 Frequency Compensation 411 10.9 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) 424 10.10 The Boost Converter 432 10.11 The Buck-Boost Converter 445 10.12 The Flyback Converter 452 10.13 Rectifier Circuits 458 10.14 Multi-Phase Converters 461 10.15 Single-Inductor Multiple-Output Converters (SIMO) 472 11 Hybrid DC-DC Converters 483 11.1 Hybridization of Capacitive and Inductive Concepts 484 11.2 The Benefit of Soft-Charging 486 11.3 Basic Resonant SC Converter Stages 491 11.4 Frequency Generation and Tuning 493 11.5 Equivalent Output Resistance 495 11.6 Control of Hybrid Converters 502 11.7 From SC to Hybrid Converters 507 11.8 Multi-Phase Converters 516 11.9 Multi-Ratio Converters 517 11.10 The Three-Level Buck Converter 517 11.11 The Flying-Capacitor Multi-Level Converter (FCML) 525 11.12 The Double Step-Down (DSD) Converter 528 11.13 Inductor-First Topologies 531 12 Physical Implementation 539 12.1 Layout Floor Planning 540 12.2 Packaging 540 12.3 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 546 12.4 Interconnections 548 12.5 Pinout 552 12.6 IC-Level W…