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The vulnerability of socio-ecosystem combines the probability of exposure to natural or anthropogenic pressure, sensitivity and resilience. This book presents a systemic view of the diversity of pressures and impacts produced by climate change and human actions. Erosion of biodiversity by changing ocean chemistry, the intensification of global change raises the problem of the adaptation of living resources.
Auteur
André Monaco is Emeritus Director of Research for the French national research center (CNRS). His research interests concern marine sedimentology and geochemistry. He was responsible for part of the organizing committee for several French and European programs and has been guest editor for four special issues in international journals.
Patrick Prouzet is Director of Research focusing on the ecosystemic approach at Ifremer in France. He specializes in the biology and dynamics of anadromous fish such as Atlantic salmon and eels. He is the author or co-author of several works on these species or on estuary fishing.
Contenu
FOREWORD xi
CHAPTER 1. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS UNDER TOXIC PRESSURE 1
Véronique LOIZEAU and Marie-Hélène TUSSEAU-VUILLEMIN
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Details of the marine environment 3
1.2.1. The coastal zone 4
1.2.2. The open ocean 6
1.3. What is the biological response of organisms to contaminants? 9
1.3.1. At cellular level 10
1.3.2. On an individual level 13
1.3.3. On the level of the population 16
1.4. Consequences of toxic pressure on ecosystems 18
1.4.1. Interspecies relationships 19
1.4.2. Contamination and impact on genetic diversity 25
1.4.3. Hostparasite interactions 27
1.4.4. Resilience and resistance 28
1.5. Indirect effects and multiple stress factors 33
1.5.1. Impact on the future of contaminants 34
1.5.2. Effects of contaminants and climate change on different organization levels of life forms 35
1.6. Conclusion 38
1.7. Bibliography 41
CHAPTER 2. VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF ESTUARIES TO CONTAMINATION BY ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA: A CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT DECADE 65
Fabienne PETIT, Thierry BERTHE, Hélène BUDZINSKI, Roland LECLERCQ, Vincent CATTOIR, Antoine ANDREMONT, Kenny OBERLÉ, Anniet LAVERMAN, Erick DENAMUR
2.1. Why does the ecosystem matter for human health in the emergence of antibiotic resistance 65
2.2. Bacterial antibiotic resistance: a global ecological process 67
2.3. Fate of contamination by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in estuary environments:
Seine Estuary case study 69
2.3.1. The Seine Estuary: one of the most anthropized estuaries in Europe 69
2.3.2. The fate of contamination by antibiotics, from the sources of contamination to the estuary 70
2.3.3. Occurence of antibioticresistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in the Seine estuary 78
2.4. Estuary sediments: a vulnerable environment? 83
2.4.1. The resistome in estuary sediments 83
2.4.2. Impact of contamination by antibiotics on the functional microbial community of sediments 83
2.5. Vulnerability and resilience in the estuary environment 84
2.6. Acknowledgments 86
2.7. Bibliography 86
CHAPTER 3. MICROBIOLOGICAL COASTAL RISKS AND MONITORING SYSTEMS 95
Patrick MONFORT, Serge MORAND and Murielle LAFAYE
3.1. Introduction 95
3.2. Risks and infectious diseases linked to coastal regions 96
3.2.1. Pathogenic agents 97
3.2.2. Environmental change and modifications in the epidemiological environment 101
3.2.3. The consequences in terms of new infectious risks 103
3.2.4. Emergence: cases of human pathogenic vibrios 103
3.3. Monitoring of key environmental parameters 107
3.3.1. Systems of measurement in situ 108
3.3.2. Measurement systems by satellite 110
3.3.3. Some ideas to bear in mind 113
3.4. Toward remote monitoring systems and early warning systems applied to the remote monitoring of vibrios and algae 114
3.4.1. Understanding the effect of global change 114
3.4.2. Remote sensing approach 115
3.4.3. Application of remote monitoring to vibrios 117
3.4.4. Application of remote monitoring to cyanobacteria 119
3.4.5. Integration of models in the monitoring and alert systems 122
3.5. Acknowledgments 123
3.6. Bibliography 123
CHAPTER 4. VULNERABILITY, IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION OF COASTAL ZONES TO GLOBAL CHANGE 131
Filipe DUARTE SANTOS
4.1. Introduction 131
4.1.1. The coastal zones 131
4.1.2. Global change 132
4.2. Coastal zones and global systemic and cumulative changes 134
4.3. The impact of climate change on coastal zones 136
4.3.1. Socio-economic and climate scenarios 136
4.3.2. Impacts of climate change on coastal zones on different time scales 138
4.3.3. The rise of the global mean sea level observations and projections 141 4.3.4. Other i...