The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models

This book presents descriptions of numerical models for testing cumulus in cloud fields. It is divided into six parts. Part I provides an overview of the problem, including descriptions of cumulus clouds and the effects of ensembles of cumulus clouds on mass, momentum, and vorticity distributions. A review of closure assumptions is also provided. A review of "classical" convection schemes in widespread use is provided in Part II. The special problems associated with the representation of convection in mesoscale models are discussed in Part III, along with descriptions of some of the commonly used mesoscale schemes. Part IV covers some of the problems associated with the representation of convection in climate models, while the parameterization of slantwise convection is the subject of Part V.

Contenu

Closure Assumptions in the Cumulus Parameterization Problem.- Observational Constraints on Cumulus Parameterizations.- Trade Cumulus Observations.- Impacts of Cumulus Convection on Thermodynamic Fields.- The Nature of Adjustment in Cumulus Cloud Fields.- Momentum TRansport by Convective Bands: Comparisons of Highly Idealized Dynamical Models to Observations.- Cumulus Effects on Vorticity.- Convective Adjustment.- The Betts-Miller Scheme.- The Arakawa--Schubert Cumulus Parameterization.- Imlementation of the Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization with a Prognostic Closure.- The Kuo Cumulus Parameterization.- A Hybrid Parameterization with Multpile Closures.- An Overview of CUmulus Parameterization in Mesoscale Models.- Convective Parameterization for Mesoscale Models: The Fritsch-Chappell Scheme.- Convective Parameterization for Mesoscale Models: The Kain-Fritsch Scheme.- A Method of Parameterizing Cumulus Transorts in a Mesoscale Primitive Equation Model: The Sequential Plume Scheme.- Efficient Cumulus Parameterization for Long-Term Climate Studies: The GISS Scheme.- A Cumulus Representation Based on the Episodic Mixing Model: The Importance of Mixing and Microphysics in Predicting Humidity.- Parameterization of Slantwise Convection in Numerical Weather Prediction Models.- A Parameterization Scheme for Symmetric Instability: Tests for an Idealized Flow.- Cumulus Ensemble Simulation.