The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Bohtan

This volume describes the Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by descendants of Christian villagers from a district in Southeast Turkey, now largely resident in Russia. This volume is based on fieldwork carried out by the author in Russia, Georgia, and the United States. The volume contains a historical introduction, a grammatical description, transcribed and translated texts, and a glossary with etymological notes.

Contenu

Table of Contents (page 7) Acknowledgements (page 11) Abbreviations (page 13) Introduction (page 15)

• 0.1. Original Homeland of Speakers (page 15)
• 0.2. Outline of the Period 1915-2000 (page 17)
• 0.3. Current Location, Situation, and Numbers (page 18)
• 0.4. Other Languages Spoken by Bohtan Speakers (page 18)

• 0.5. Bohtan Within Nena (page 19) 1. Phonology (page 21) 1.1. Consonants (page 21)

• 1.1.2. Realization (page 21) 1.2. BGDKPT (page 22)

• 1.2.1. Regular (page 22)
• 1.2.2. Occasional f (page 23)
• 1.2.3. Borrowed and Native c (page 23)

• 1.2.4 Reflexes of g, ?, `, and ' (page 24) 1.3. Vowels (page 24) 1.3.1. Nature of long / short alternation (page 24) 1.3.2. Long vowels (page 26) 1.3.3. Short Vowels (page 27) 1.3.4. Vowel Minimal Pairs (page 28)

• 1.3.4.1. Long Vowels (page 28)

• 1.3.4.2. Short Vowels (page 29) 1.3.5. Diphthongs (page 30) 1.3 6. Acoustic Analysis of Vowels (page 31) 1.3.7. Problem of Overlap (page 32) 1.4. Stress (page 32)

• 1.4.1. General Remarks (page 32)
• 1.4.2. Verbal Constructions (page 33)

• 1.4.3. Nouns with Suffixes (page 33) 1.5. Emphasis (page 34) 1.6. Historical Changes (page 34)

• 1.6.1. a > o (page 34)

• 1.6.2. ay > a (page 36) 1.7. Variability (page 37)

• 1.7.1. oyV / owV / ohV (page 37)
• 1.7.2. The Alternation k / c (page 37)
• 1.7.3. The Alternation u / ü (page 37)

• 1.7.4. The Alternation i / ü (page 38) 1.8. Consonant Clusters (page 38) 1.9. Gemination (page 40) 2. Morphology (page 43) 2.1. the Verb (page 43)

• 2.1.1. Historical Origins of the System (page 43) 2.1.2. Stems (page 45) 2.1.3. Classes (page 45)

• 2.1.3.1. Class I (page 45)
• 2.1.3.2. Class II (page 47)
• 2.1.3.3. Class III (page 49)
• 2.1.3.4. Quadriliteral (page 50)

• 2.1.3.5. Changes from Inherited Class (page 52) 2.1.4. Weak Verbs (page 53)

• 2.1.4.1. Final-Weak (page 53)
• 2.1.4.2. Final Ayin (page 55)
• 2.1.4.3. Final w (page 55)
• 2.1.4.4. Middle-Weak (page 56)
• 2.1.4.5. Initial y (page 57)

• 2.1.4.6. Vowel-Initial (page 58) 2.1.5. Irregular Verbs (page 59)

• 2.1.5.1. ?to want' (page 59)
• 2.1.5.2. izola ?to go' (page 60)
• 2.1.5.3. itoya ?to come' (page 62)
• 2.1.5.4. hiwoya ?to give' (page 62)
• 2.1.5.5. imora ?to say' (page 63)
• 2.1.5.6. idoya ?to know' (page 64)
• 2.1.5.7. mpola ?to fall' (page 65)

• 2.1.5.8. matuye ?to bring' (page 65) 2.1.6. Subject Marking (page 65)

• A set (page 66)

• L set (page 66) 2.1.7. Tense Formation and Meaning (page 69)

• 2.1.7.1. Present (page 69)
• 2.1.7.2. Subjunctive (page 69)
• 2.1.7.3. Past (page 69)
• 2.1.7.4. Future (page 70)
• 2.1.7.5. Preterite (page 70)
• 2.1.7.6. Perfect (page 70)
• 2.1.7.7. Pluperfect (page 71)

• 2.1.7.8. Perfect (2) (page 71) 2.1.8. Negation (page 71) 2.1.8.1. Negation with la: (page 71)

• 2.1.8.1.1. Preterite (page 71)
• 2.1.8.1.2. Perfect (page 71)
• 2.1.8.1.3. Subjunctive (page 72)

• 2.1.8.1.4. Conditionals (page 72) 2.1.8.2. Negation with le (page 72)

• 2.1.8.2.1. Present (page 72)
• 2.1.8.2.2. Future (page 73)

• 2.1.8.2.3. Past (page 73) 2.1.9. Special Negative Forms (page 73) 2.1.10. Object Marking (page 74) 2.1.11. Summary of Subject and Object Marking (page 74) 2.1.12. Copula (page 75)

• 2.1.12.1. Independent (page 75)
• 2.1.12.2. Enclitic (page 76)
• 2.1.12.3. Deictic (page 76)
• 2.1.12.4. Negative (page 77)
• 2.1.12.5. Past (page 78)
• 2.1.12.6. Negative Past (page 78)
• 2.1.12.7. Jussive (page 79)
• 2.1.12.8. Preterite and Perfect (page 79)
• 2.1.12.9. Modal q?d / laqqad (page 80)

• 2.1.12.10. Existence and Possession (page 80) 2.1.13. Verbal Paradigms (page 82)

• 2.1.13.1. Strong Verbs (page 82)
• 2.1.13.2. Final-Weak Verbs (page 83)
• 2.1.13.3. Final Ayin (page 85)
• 2.1.13.4. Middle-Weak Verbs (page 85)

• 2.1.13.5. Vowel-Initial Verbs (page 87) 2.2. Pronouns (page 88)

• 2.2.1. Independent (page 88)
• 2.2.2. Pronominal Suffixes (page 89)
• 2.2.3. Independent Possessive Pronouns (page 90)
• 2.2.4. Reflexive (page 91)
• 2.2.5. Reciprocal (page 92)
• 2.2.6. Demonstratives (page 92)

• 2.2.7. Interrogatives (page 94) 2.3. The Noun (page 96) 2.3.1. General (page 96) 2.3.2. Common Noun Patterns (page 97)

• 2.3.2.1. Native and Assimilated Nouns Ending in ...a (page 97)
• 2.3.2.2. Native and Assimilated Nouns Ending in ...ta (page 98)

• 2.3.2.3. Nouns Not Ending in ...a or -ta (page 99) 2.3.3. Gender (page 100) 2.3.4. Derivational Suffixes (page 101)

• 2.3.4.1. -ona (f. ...anta) (page 101)
• 2.3.4.2. ...una (f. ...unta) (page 102)
• 2.3.4.3. -uta (page 102)

• 2.3.4.4. ...oya / -owa (f. ...ata) (page 102) 2.3.5. Plural Formation (page 102)

• 2.3.5.1. Final ...a is Replaced by ...e (page 103)
• 2.3.5.2. Final ...ta is Replaced by ...e (page 103)
• 2.3.5.3. Final ...a is replaced by ...one (page 103)
• 2.3.5.4. Final ...a is Replaced by ...ota (page 104)
• 2.3.5.5. Final ...a is Replaced by ...wota: (page 104)
• 2.3.5.6. Final ...ta is Replaced by ...twota (page 104)
• 2.3.5.7. Final ...ta is Replaced by ...wota (page 104)
• 2.3.5.8. Final ...ta is Replaced by ...yota (page 104)
• 2.3.5.9. Words Not Ending in ...a or ...ta (page 105)

• 2.3.5.10. Irregular Plurals (page 105) 2.3.6. I?afa Formation (page 106) 2.4. the Adjective (page 107)

• 2.4.1. General (page 107)
• 2.4.2. Adjectives with Limited Agreement (page 108)
• 2.4.3 Invariable adjectives (page 109)

• 2.4.4. Comparison (page 109) 2.5. Adverbs (page 109)

• 2.5.1. Adverbs of Time (page 109)
• 2.5.2. Adverbs of Direction (page 110)
• 2.5.3. Adverbs of Place (page 110)
• 2.5.4. Adverbs of Manner (page 110)
• 2.5.5. Adverbs of Quantity (page 110)

• 2.5.6. Others (page 110) 2.6. Pre- and Postpositions (page 111) 2.6.1. Prepositions (page 111)

• 2.6.1.1. Prefixed Prepositions (page 111)
• 2.6.1.2. Simple Prepositions (page 111)
• 2.6.1.3. Extended Prepositions (page 112)

• 2.6.1.4. Compound Prepositions (page 113) 2.6.2. Postposition ...lal (page 115) 2.7. Conjunctions (page 116) 2.8. Numbers (page 117) 3. Syntax (page 119) 3.1. Clauses (page 119)

• 3.1.1. Copular Clause Elements and Sequence (page 119)
• 3.1.2. it Clause (page 120)
• 3.1.3. Possession (page 120)
• 3.1.4. Verbal Clause Constituents (page 121)

• 3.1.5. Interrogatives (page 123) 3.2. Clause Sequences (page 124) 3.3. Subordinate Clauses (page 124)

• 3.3.1. Relative Clauses (page 124)
• 3.3.2. Conditionals (page 125)

• 3.3.3. Complements (page 126) 3.4. Noun Phrases (page 126) 3.4.1. Definiteness (page 126)

• 3.4.1.1. xa (page 126)
• 3.4.1.2. No Determiner (page 127)

• 3.4.1.3. Determined by aw or at (page 127) 3.4.2. Numbers (page 128) 4. Texts (page 130)

• 4.1. Jambali (page 130)
• 4.2. Anecdote: the Brides (page 146)
• 4.3. Anecdote: the Grooms (page 148) 5. Glossary (page 153) Bibliography (page 187)