Introduction
Methods for Analyzing Change
The Historical Development of Panel Analysis Methods
Linear Models for Analyzing Panel Data
The Algebra of Change
Stability and Change
Change as a Determinant of Time 2 Status
An Illustration: The Stability of Alienation
Appendix A: An Analytic Investigation of the Stability Coefficient
Appendix B: Brief Introduction to LISREL
The Causal Analysis of Change
Causality in Cross-Sectional Analysis
A General Two-Wave, Two-Variable Model
Fixing Values of Parameters
Constraining Associations with Control Variables
Consistency Constraints in Multiwave Models
Appendix: Approach to Equilibrium in Two-Variable, Two-Wave Panel Models
The Components of Change
The Decomposition of Change
Change in Political Democracy
Structural Change
The Structure of Black and White Mobility
Structural and Exchange Components of Change
Cross-Lagged Panel Correlations
Background
CLPC as a Tool for Causal Analysis
CLPC as a Test for Spuriousness
CLPC as a Control for Spuriousness
The Comparison of Contending Model
Appendix: CLPC as a Test for Spuriousness
Separating the Effects of Position and Change
Fixing Values of Parameters
Constraining Relative Magnitudes of Parameters
Elaborating the Causal Model
Nonlinear Consistency Models
Appendix: The Transformation and Interpretation of Nonlinear Models
Serially Correlated Errors
Sources of Serial Correlation
Strategies for Dealing with Serially Correlated Errors
Initial Model Specification
The General Approach
Theoretical Correlograms
Basic Patterns of Correlograms
Diagnostic Implications
Extension to More Complex Models
Appendix: The Analytical Properties of the Correlogram
Extensions
Sensitivity Analysis
The Two-Wave, Two-Variable Model Revisited
Incorrect Casual Lag
Measurement Error
Measurement Error in Regression Analysis
Measurement Error in Panel Models
Measurement Error Models
Overview of Results
Alternative Approaches
Pooling Methods
Differential Equations
Design Considerations
Designing a Panel Study
The Follow-Back Panel
Measurement Intervals
Number of Waves
Panel Attrition