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This timely reference on the topic is the only book you need for a complete overview of recyclable polymers. Following an introduction to various polymer structures and their resulting properties, the main part of the book deals with different methods of recycling. It discusses in detail the recycling of such common polymers as polyethylene, polypropylene and PET, as well as rubbers, fibers, engineering polymers, polymer blends and composites. The whole is rounded off with a look at future technologies and the toxicological impact of recycled polymers. An indispensable reference source for those working in the field, whether in academia or industry, and whether newcomers or advanced readers.
Auteur
*Raju Francis is associate professor at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India. He obtained his PhD degree in chemistry from NIIST (RRL-T), University of Kerala, India, in 1998 and completed his postdoc at the University of Bordeaux, France, and at the University of Florida, USA. He was an exchange visitor at Toyo University, Japan, and at King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia.*
His research interests include polymer-synthesis and applications, hybrid materials and environmental chemistry.
Résumé
Recycling of Polymers This timely reference on the topic is the only book you need for a complete overview of recyclable polymers. Following an introduction to various polymer structures and their resulting properties, the main part of the book deals with different methods of recycling. It discusses in detail the recycling of such common polymers as polyethylene, polypropylene and PET, as well as rubbers, fibers, engineering polymers, polymer blends and composites. The whole is rounded off with a look at future technologies and the toxicological impact of recycled polymers. An indispensable reference source for those working in the field, whether in academia or industry, and whether newcomers or advanced readers.
Contenu
Preface XI
List of Contributors XV
Abbreviations XVII
1 Introduction 1
Raju Francis, Geethy P. Gopalan, and Anjaly Sivadas
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 Why Recycling? 2
1.1.2 Sources ofWaste 2
1.1.3 Plastics 3
1.1.4 Recycling of Plastics 3
1.1.5 Municipal SolidWaste 4
1.1.6 Various Stages of Recycling PlasticWastes 6
1.1.7 Additives 6
1.1.8 Mixed Plastics 8
1.1.9 Composites 8
1.2 Conclusion 8
References 9
2 Common Additives used in Recycling of Polymers 11
2.1 Review on Different Additives Used in Polymer Recycling 11
Sivasankarapillai Vishnu Sankar and Sivasankarapillai Anil Kumar
2.1.1 Introduction 11
2.1.1.1 Challenges in Recycling Need for Additives 11
2.1.1.2 Equipment for Additive Processing 12
2.1.2 Different Types of Additives 12
2.1.2.1 Stabilizing Agents 14
2.1.2.2 Compatibilizers 19
2.1.2.3 Antioxidants 21
2.1.2.4 Impact Modifiers 23
2.1.2.5 Fillers and Modifiers 25
2.1.2.6 Antistatic Agents 26
2.1.2.7 Coloring Agents 26
2.1.2.8 Flame Retardants 27
2.1.2.9 Lubricants 28
2.1.2.10 Plasticizers 28
2.1.2.11 Antibacterial or Antimicrobial Additives 29
2.1.2.12 Coupling Agents 29
2.1.3 Conclusion 30
References 30
2.2 Recent Trends and Future of Polymer Additives in Macromolecular Recycling Technology: A Brief Overview 31
Sivasankarapillai Vishnu Sankar and Sivasankarapillai Anil Kumar
2.2.1 Introduction 31
2.2.2 Miscellaneous Additives 32
2.2.2.1 Nucleating Agents 32
2.2.2.2 Reinforcing Agents or Fillers 33
2.2.2.3 Optical Brighteners 36
2.2.2.4 Surface Improvers 37
2.2.2.5 Antiblocking Additives 39
2.2.2.6 Blowing Agents (Foaming Agents) 39
2.2.2.7 Antifogging Agents 41
2.2.3 New Trends in Additives Technology 43
2.2.3.1 Advances in Stabilizers 46
2.2.3.2 Advances in Flame Retardants (FRs) 46
2.2.3.3 Advances in Plasticizers 47
2.2.3.4 Advances in Coloring Agents 47
2.2.3.5 Advances in Fillers 48
2.2.3.6 Advances in Other Additive Classes 48
2.2.3.7 Multifunctional Additives 49
2.2.4 Conclusion 49
References 50
3 Methods of Recycling 55
3.1 Methods of Recycling of Polymers: Addition Polymers 55
Beena Sethi
3.1.1 Introduction 55
3.1.2 Primary Recycling 58
3.1.3 Mechanical Recycling (or Secondary Recycling) 58
3.1.4 Chemical or Feedstock Recycling (Tertiary Recycling) 59
3.1.5 Energy Recovery (Quaternary Recycling) 60
3.1.6 Chemical Recycling of Polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) 62
3.1.6.1 Introduction 62
3.1.6.2 Thermolysis Schemes and Technologies 63
3.1.6.3 Reactor Types 65
3.1.7 Polyolefin Thermal Cracking 66
3.1.7.1 Catalytic Degradation 66
3.1.8 Chemical Recycling of Polypropylene 67
3.1.8.1 Introduction 67
3.1.8.2 Pyrolysis 69
3.1.8.3 Co-pyrolysis 70
3.1.8.4 Catalytic Cracking 71
3.1.9 Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene 75
3.1.9.1 Introduction 75
3.1.9.2 Recycling Methods for Polystyrene Products 76
3.1.9.3 Future Prospects 83
3.1.10 Chemical Recycling of Poly(vinyl chloride) 83
3.1.10.1 Introduction 83
3.1.10.2 Mixed Plastic Recycling Processes 86
3.1.10.3 Mixed PVCWastesWorld Initiatives 88
3.1.10.4 The BASF Feedstock Recycling Process 88
3.1.10.5 Veba Combi Cracking Process 90
3.1.11 Chemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate) 90
3.1.11.1 Introduction 90
3.1.11.2 Dissolution/Reprecipitation 91 <p&...