Polymer Morphology

With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface-induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self-assembly, deformation, and surface topography Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites Discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods, like x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy and their applications in the morphology of polymer materials

Auteur
Qipeng Guo, DSc, DEng, is the chair professor in polymer science and technology at Deakin University, Australia, where he was awarded a Personal Chair in recognition of his distinguished achievements and international reputation in polymer research, involving both the fundamental principles in polymer science and the development of new polymer materials. He is a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Texte du rabat

Polymer morphology refers to the overall form of a polymer structure, the arrangement and microscale ordering of polymer chains in space. Molecular shapes and arrangement have major impact on the macroscopic properties of polymers in effect, understanding these important factors helps scientists efficiently process polymeric materials. In addition to formation processes, morphology also deals with physical properties, product performance, and the impact that process techniques have on properties. Understanding polymer morphology can ultimately help scientists achieve ideal properties and applications of polymeric materials.

With a focus on structure-property relationships, Polymer Morphology: Principles, Characterization, and Processing covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. Divided into two parts, Principles and Methods of Characterization and Morphology, Properties and Processing, this book illustrates methods and techniques through theory and examples that aid the reader in understanding polymer morphology and how to utilize structure to determine properties and manipulate applications.

The chapters in Part 1 present various methods of polymer morphology: x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, scattering techniques, thermal analysis, imaging using atomic force microscopy, NMR analysis and infrared spectroscopic imaging of polymeric materials. Part 2 covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and features chapters on semicrystalline morphology, crystallization kinetics, surface induced polymer crystallization, microphase separation, self-assembly, phase separation, thin fim morphology, surface topography, nanomechanical mapping, deformation, processing, , and other formations.

For practicing polymer scientists in academia or industry, Polymer Morphology offers a valuable one-stop reference and resource that:

Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology
Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites
Describes how polymer structure affects properties
Illustrates major structure types and discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods

Contenu

PREFACE xiii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xv

PART I PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION 1

1 Overview and Prospects of Polymer Morphology 3
Jerold M. Schultz

1.1 Introductory Remarks 3

1.2 Experimental Avenues of Morphological Research 4

1.2.1 Morphological Characterization: The Enabling of in situ Measurements 4

1.2.2 MorphologyProperty Investigation 5

1.2.3 Morphology Development 7

1.3 Modeling and Simulation 8

1.3.1 Self-Generated Fields 9

1.4 Wishful Thinking 11

1.5 Summary 11

References 12

2 X-ray Diffraction from Polymers 14
N. Sanjeeva Murthy

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Basic Principles 14

2.3 Instrumentation 16

2.4 Structure Determination 17

2.4.1 Lattice Dimensions 17

2.4.2 Molecular Modeling 18

2.4.3 Rietveld Method 18

2.4.4 Pair Distribution Functions 18

2.5 Phase Analysis 19

2.5.1 Crystallinity Determination 20

2.5.2 Composition Analysis 21

2.6 Crystallite Size and Disorder 21

2.7 Orientation Analysis 22

2.7.1 Crystalline Orientation 22

2.7.2 Uniaxial Orientation 22

2.7.3 Biaxial Orientation 24

2.7.4 Amorphous Orientation 25

2.8 Small-Angle Scattering 25

2.8.1 Central Diffuse Scattering 26

2.8.2 Discrete Reflections from Lamellar Structures 27

2.8.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Solvent Diffusion 29

2.9 Specialized Measurements 30

2.9.1 In situ Experiments 30

2.9.2 Microbeam Diffraction 31

2.9.3 Grazing Incidence Diffraction 32

2.10 Summary 33

References 33

3 Electron Microscopy of Polymers 37
Goerg H. Michler and Werner Lebek

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Microscopic Techniques 37

3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 37

3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 42

3.2.3 Comparison of Different Microscopic Techniques 45

3.2.4 Image Processing and Image Analysis 46

3.3 Sample Preparation 47

3.4 In situ Microscopy 50

References 52

4 Characterization of Polymer Morphology by Scattering Techniques 54
Jean-Michel Guenet

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 A Short Theoretical Presentation 55

4.2.1 General Expressions 55

4.2.2 The Form Factor 56

4.3 Experimental Aspects 60

4.3.1 The Contrast Factor 60

4.3.2 Experimental Setup 61

4.4 Typical Results 62

4.4.1 Neutrons Experiments: A Contrast Variation Story 62

4.4.2 X-Ray Experiments: A Time-Resolved Story 67

4.5 Concluding Remarks 69

References 69

5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers 72
Alejandro J. Müller and Rose Mary Michell

5.1 Introduction to Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Basic Principles and Types of DSC Equipment 72

5.2 Detection of First-Order and Second-Order Transitions by DSC. Applications of Standard DSC Experiments to the Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature and the Melting Temperature of Polymeric Materials 74

5.3 Self-Nucleation 75

5.3.1 Quantification of the Nucleation Efficiency 77

5.4 Thermal Fractionation 78

5.5 Multiphasic Materials: Polymer Blends and Block Copolymers. Fractionated Crystallization and Confinement Effects 81

5.5.1 Blends and Fractionated Crystallization 81

5.5.2 Copolymers 85

5.5.3 Copolymers Versus Blends 87

5.5.4 The Crystallization of Polymers and Copolymers within Nanoporous Templates 88

5.6 Self-Nucleation and the Efficiency Scale to Evaluate Nucleation Power 91

5.6.1 Supernucleation 93

5.7 Determination of Overall Isothermal Crystallization by DSC 95 <...