Flexible Pipes

Written by one of the most well-respected teams of scientists in the area of pipelines, this revolutionary approach offers the engineer working in the energy industry the theory, analysis, and practical applications for applying new materials and modeling to the design and effective use of flexible pipes.

Recent changes in the codes for building pipelines has led to a boom in the production of new materials that can be used in flexible pipes. With the use of polymers, steel, and other new materials and variations on existing materials, the construction and, therefore, the installation and operation of flexible pipes is changing and being improved upon all over the world. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advances in technical publishing.

This is the most comprehensive and in-depth book on this subject, covering not just the various materials and their aspects that make them different, but every process that goes into their installation, operation, and design. The thirty-six chapters, divided up into four different parts, have had not just the authors of this text but literally dozens of other engineers who are some of the world's leading scientists in this area contribute to the work. This is the future of pipelines, and it is an important breakthrough. A must-have for the veteran engineer and student alike, this volume is an important new advancement in the energy industry, a strong link in the chain of the world's energy production.

Contenu

Preface xxi

About the Authors xxiii

Part I Design and Analysis

1 Flexible Pipes and Limit-States Design 3

1.1 I ntroduction 3

1.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe 3

1.2.1 Metal-Based Flexible Pipes 5

1.2.2 Composite-Based Flexible Pipes 7

1.2.3 D esign Codes and Specifications 10

1.3 Comparison between Flexible Pipes and Rigid Pipes 12

1.3.1 Unbonded Flexible Riser vs. Rigid Steel Riser 12

1.3.2 Flexible Jumper vs. Rigid Steel Jumper 12

1.3.3 Flexible Composite Pipe vs. Rigid Pipe 13

1.3.3.1 Material Costs 14

1.3.3.2 I nstallation Costs 14

1.3.3.3 Operational Costs 15

1.3.3.4 Comparison Example 15

1.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria 15

1.4.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipe 15

1.4.1.1 Failure Modes 15

1.4.1.2 D esign Criteria 17

1.4.2 Flexible Composite Pipe 20

1.4.2.1 Failure Modes 20

1.4.2.2 D esign Criteria 20

1.5 L imit State Design 24

1.5.1 L imit States 24

1.5.2 Reliability-Based Methods 25

References 26

2 Materials and Aging 29

2.1 I ntroduction 29

2.1.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 30

2.1.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 34

vi Contents

2.2 Metallic Material 35

2.2.1 Stainless Steel 35

2.2.2 Carbon Steel 36

2.3 Polymer Material 36

2.3.1 Annulus 36

2.3.2 Chemical Resistance 39

2.3.3 Permeation and Permeation Control Systems 41

2.3.3.1 Theory of Gas Permeation 41

2.3.3.2 Permeation Calculation 42

2.3.4 Anti H2S Layer 44

2.4 Aging 45

2.4.1 N onmetallic Material 46

2.4.2 Metallic Material 48

References 49

3 Ancillary Equipment and End Fitting Design 51

3.1 I ntroduction 51

3.1.1 D esign Criteria 51

3.2 Bend Stiffeners and Bellmouths 53

3.2.1 I ntroduction 53

3.2.2 D esign Criteria and Failure Modes 55

3.2.3 D esign Considerations 56

3.2.4 Bellmouths 57

3.3 Bend Restrictor 58

3.4 Buoyancy Modules 59

3.5 Cathodic Protection 60

3.6 Annulus Venting System 61

3.7 E nd Fittings 63

3.7.1 Unbonded Flexible Pipes 64

3.7.1.1 D esign Criteria 64

3.7.1.2 Metallic Materials 66

3.7.1.3 E nd Fittings by Different Manufacturers 66

3.7.2 Flexible Composite Pipes 68

3.7.2.1 D esign Criteria 70

3.7.2.2 Materials 70

3.7.2.3 E nd Fitting Types 71

3.7.2.4 I nstallation 72

References 74

4 Reliability-Based Design Factors 75

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Failure Probability 76

4.2.1 L imit State and Failure Mode 76

4.2.2 Failure Probability 76

4.3 Safety Factor Based on Reliability 77

4.3.1 Uncertainties of Resistance and Load Effect 78

4.3.2 L RFD Formulation 79

4.3.3 D esign Process 79

Contents vii

4.4 D esign Example 82

4.4.1 L imit State Function 83

4.4.1.1 Resistance Model for Inner Pressure Load 83

4.4.1.2 L imit State Function 83

4.4.2 Probability Model of Resistance 83

4.4.2.1 Probability Distribution of Resistance Parameters 83

4.4.2.2 Probability Model of Resistance 84

4.4.3 Probability Model of Load Effect 85

4.4.4 Target Reliability 85

4.4.5 Safety Factor Design Results 85

References 87

Part II Unbonded Flexible Pipes

5 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Design 91

5.1 I ntroduction 91

5.2 Applications of Flexible Pipe 92

5.2.1 Flexible Risers 92 5.2.2 Flexible Flowlines...