Electrical Power System Essentials

The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof?

This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced.

With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented.

The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering.

After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines:

• generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy

• wind energy, solar energy and hydro power

• power system protection and circuit breakers

• power system control and operation

• the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place

• system blackouts

• future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids

The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded. https://www.wiley.com//legacy/wileychi/powersystem/material.html

Auteur

Pieter Schavemaker, Principal Consultant, the Netherlands (nl.linkedin.com/in/pieterschavemaker) Lou van der Sluis, Professor emeritus Electrical Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Contenu
Preface xi

List of Abbreviations xvii

List of Symbols xix

1 Introduction to Power System Analysis 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Scope of the Material 2

1.3 General Characteristics of Power Systems 5

1.3.1 AC versus DC Systems 5

Shape of the alternating voltage 6

Sinusoidal alternating voltage 7

1.3.2 50 and 60 Hz Frequency 9

1.3.3 Balanced Three-Phase Systems 10

Power considerations 12

Rotating magnetic field 14

1.3.4 Voltage Levels 17

Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages 19

1.4 Phasors 20

1.4.1 Network Elements in the Phasor Domain 22

1.4.2 Calculations in the Phasor Domain 24

1.5 Equivalent Line-to-neutral Diagrams 28

1.6 Power in Single-phase Circuits 30

1.6.1 Active and Reactive Power 31

1.6.2 Complex Power 34

1.6.3 Power Factor 38

1.7 Power in Three-phase Circuits 40

1.8 Per-unit Normalization 41

1.9 Power System Structure 45

Problems 47

References 49

2 The Generation of Electric Energy 51

2.1 Introduction 51

2.2 Thermal Power Plants 53

2.2.1 The Principles of Thermodynamics 53

2.3 Nuclear Power Plants 58

2.3.1 Nuclear Fission 59

2.3.2 Nuclear Fusion 62

2.4 Renewable Energy 63

2.4.1 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts 63

2.4.2 Hydropower and Pumped Storage 67

2.4.3 Solar Power 69

2.4.4 Geothermal Power 71

2.5 The Synchronous Machine 74

Problems 82

References 84

3 The Transmission of Electric Energy 85

3.1 Introduction 85

3.2 Transmission and Distribution Network 86

3.3 Network Structures 89

3.4 Substations 91

3.5 Substation Concepts 93

3.5.1 Single Bus System 94

3.5.2 Double Bus System 95

3.5.3 Polygon Bus System 96

3.5.4 One-and-a-Half Circuit Breaker Concept 96

3.6 Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks 97

3.6.1 Protective Relay Operating Principles 99

3.6.2 Fuses 104

3.6.3 Circuit Breakers 106

3.6.4 The Switching Arc 107

3.6.5 Oil Circuit Breakers 109

3.6.6 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers 109

3.6.7 SF6 Circuit Breakers 110

3.6.8 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 112

3.7 Surge Arresters 113

3.8 Transformers 115

3.8.1 Phase Shifts in Three-Phase Transformers 119

3.8.2 The Magnetizing Current 123

3.8.3 Transformer Inrush Current 126

3.8.4 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests 127

3.9 Power Carriers 129

3.9.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 131

Insulators 131

Bundled conductors 134

Galloping lines 138

Ground wires or shield wires 141

Transposition 144

3.9.2 Underground Cables 145

Plastic insulation 147

Paperoil insulation 148

3.9.3 Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines 151

3.10 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission 152

From AC to DC 156

Problems 160

References 161

4 The Utilization of Electric Energy 163

4.1 Introduction 163

4.2 Types of Load 164

4.2.1 Mechanical Energy 165

Synchronous motors 166

Induction motors 168

4.2.2 Light 171

4.2.3 Heat 173

4.2.4 DC Electrical Energy 173

4.2.5 Chemical Energy 175

4.3 Classification of Grid Users 177

4.3.1 Residential Loads 177

4.3.2 Commercial and Industrial Loads 179

4.3.3 Electric Railways 180

Problems 182

Reference 184

5 Power System Control 185 5.1 Introd...