Photosynthesis, Productivity, and Environmental Stress

A guide to environmental fluctuations that examines photosynthesis under both controlled and stressed conditions

Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress is a much-needed guide that explores the topics related to photosynthesis (both terrestrial and aquatic) and puts the focus on the basic effect of environmental fluctuations. The authors--noted experts on the topic--discuss photosynthesis under both controlled and stressed conditions and review new techniques for mitigating stressors including methods such as transgeneics, proteomics, genomics, ionomics, metabolomics, micromics, and more.

In order to feed our burgeoning world population, it is vital that we must increase food production. Photosynthesis is directly related to plant growth and crop production and any fluctuation in the photosynthetic activity imposes great threat to crop productivity. Due to the environmental fluctuations plants are often exposed to the different environmental stresses that cause decreased photosynthetic rate and problems in the plant growth and development. This important book addresses this topic and:

• Covers topics related to terrestrial and aquatic photosynthesis

• Highlights the basic effect of environmental fluctuations

• Explores common stressors such as drought, salinity, alkalinity, temperature, UV-radiations, oxygen deficiency, and more

• Contains methods and techniques for improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater crop yield

Written for biologists and environmentalists, Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress offers an overview of the stressors affecting photosynthesis and includes possible solutions for improved crop production.

Auteur

ABOUT THE EDITORS PARVAIZ AHMAD, Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Department of Botany, S. P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. MOHAMMAD ABASS AHANGER, College of Life Science, NorthWest A & F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China. MOHAMMED NASSER ALYEMENI, Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PRAVEJ ALAM, Department of Biology, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharaj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Contenu
List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

About the Editors xxi

**1 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 1
Rupal Singh Tomar, Bhupendra Singh, and Anjana Jajoo

1.1 Introduction to Organic Pollutants 1

1.2 Characteristics of the Organic Pollutants 3

1.3 Sources of Organic Pollutants 3

1.4 Uptake and Accumulation of Organic Pollutants in Plants 4

1.5 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Plant Growth 5

1.6 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Photosynthesis 7

1.6.1 Effects of Pesticides on the Light Reactions 7

1.6.2 Effects of Pesticides on the Dark Reactions 9

1.6.3 Effects of Antibiotics on the Light Reactions 11

1.6.4 Effects of Antibiotics on the Dark Reactions 13

1.6.5 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Light Reactions 13

1.6.6 Effects of Bisphenol A on the Dark Reactions 14

1.6.7 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Light Reactions 14

1.6.8 Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Dark Reactions 16

1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 17

References 18

**2 Cold Stress and Photosynthesis 27
Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Primary Targets of Cold Stress in Plants 27

2.3 Cold Stress Distorts the Chloroplast Membrane Integrity 28

2.4 Cold Stress Damages the Photosynthetic Apparatus 28

2.5 Cold Stress Affects Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fixation 31

2.6 Strategies to Ameliorate Cold Stress and Improve Photosynthesis 32

2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 33

Acknowledgements 33

References 33

**3 HighTemperature Stress and Photosynthesis Under Pathological Impact 39
Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, Sema Karakas, and Parvaiz Ahmad

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 HighTemperature Stress on Crop Plants 41

3.3 HighTemperature Stress on Photosynthesis Mechanisms 43

3.4 Impact of Pathogens on Photosynthesis Mechanisms Under Temperature Stress 45

3.5 Genomic, Biochemical, and Physiological Approaches for Crop Plants Under Temperature and Pathogenic Stresses 51

3.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 55

References 55

**4 Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis 65
Rinukshi Wimalasekera

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Characteristics of Light 66

4.2.1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 66

4.3 Light Absorption and Pigments 67

4.3.1 Dissipation of Excess Light Energy 67

4.3.2 Photoinhibition 68

4.4 Light Absorption by Leaves 68

4.4.1 Light Absorption and the Anatomy, Morphology, and Biochemical Characteristics of Leaves 68

4.4.2 LightMediated Leaf Movement 69

4.4.3 Light Absorption by Sun and Shade Adapted Leaves 69

4.5 Light and Photosynthetic Responses 70

4.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 70

References 71

**5 Regulation of Water Status, Chlorophyll Content, Sugar, and Photosynthesis in Maize Under Salinity by Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 75
Yachana Jha

5.1 Introduction 75

5.2 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 76

5.3 Isolation and Identification of Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria 77

5.4 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Maize Under Salinity 78

5.5 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Chlorophyll Content 79

5.6 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Relative Water Content 80

5.7 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Regulating Stomatal Behavior 82

5.8 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain Photosynthesis to Regulate Soluble Sugar by Altering Vascular Tissue 83

5.9 Mineral Mobilizing Bacteria Maintain the Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants by Accumulating Various Osmoprotectants 84 5.10 Min...