Aircraft Design

A comprehensive approach to the air vehicle design process using the principles of systems engineering Due to the high cost and the risks associated with development, complex aircraft systems have become a prime candidate for the adoption of systems engineering methodologies. This book presents the entire process of aircraft design based on a systems engineering approach from conceptual design phase, through to preliminary design phase and to detail design phase. Presenting in one volume the methodologies behind aircraft design, this book covers the components and the issues affected by design procedures. The basic topics that are essential to the process, such as aerodynamics, flight stability and control, aero-structure, and aircraft performance are reviewed in various chapters where required. Based on these fundamentals and design requirements, the author explains the design process in a holistic manner to emphasise the integration of the individual components into the overall design. Throughout the book the various design options are considered and weighed against each other, to give readers a practical understanding of the process overall. Readers with knowledge of the fundamental concepts of aerodynamics, propulsion, aero-structure, and flight dynamics will find this book ideal to progress towards the next stage in their understanding of the topic. Furthermore, the broad variety of design techniques covered ensures that readers have the freedom and flexibility to satisfy the design requirements when approaching real-world projects. Key features: Provides full coverage of the design aspects of an air vehicle including: aeronautical concepts, design techniques and design flowcharts Features end of chapter problems to reinforce the learning process as well as fully solved design examples at component level Includes fundamental explanations for aeronautical engineering students and practicing engineers Features a solutions manual to sample questions on the book's companion website Companion website - href="http://www.wiley.com/go/sadraey">www.wiley.com/go/sadraey

Auteur
Mohammad H. Sadraey
Daniel Webster College, New Hampshire, USA

Contenu

Preface xv

Series Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxi

Symbols and Acronyms xxiii

1 Aircraft Design Fundamentals 1

1.1 Introduction to Design 1

1.2 Engineering Design 4

1.3 Design Project Planning 8

1.4 Decision Making 10

1.5 Feasibility Analysis 12

1.6 Tort of Negligence 15

References 17

2 Systems Engineering Approach 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Fundamentals of Systems Engineering 20

2.3 Conceptual System Design 23

2.3.1 Definition 23

2.3.2 Conceptual Design Flowchart 24

2.3.3 Technical Performance Measures 25

2.3.4 Functional Analysis 26

2.3.5 System Trade-Off Analysis 27

2.3.6 Conceptual Design Review 28

2.4 Preliminary System Design 29

2.5 Detail System Design 30

2.6 Design Requirements 33

2.7 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 34

2.8 Systems Engineering Approach in Aircraft Design 37

2.8.1 Implementation of Systems Engineering 37

2.8.2 Design Phases 38

2.8.3 Design Flowchart 39

2.8.4 Design Groups 41

2.8.5 Design Steps 43

References 47

3 Aircraft Conceptual Design 49

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Primary Functions of Aircraft Components 50

3.3 Aircraft Configuration Alternatives 52

3.3.1 Wing Configuration 53

3.3.2 Tail Configuration 55

3.3.3 Propulsion System Configuration 55

3.3.4 Landing Gear Configuration 56

3.3.5 Fuselage Configuration 58

3.3.6 Manufacturing-Related Items Configuration 58

3.3.7 Subsystems Configuration 59

3.4 Aircraft Classification and Design Constraints 62

3.5 Configuration Selection Process and Trade-Off Analysis 68

3.6 Conceptual Design Optimization 74

3.6.1 Mathematical Tools 74

3.6.2 Methodology 76

Problems 86

References 92

4 Preliminary Design 93

4.1 Introduction 93

4.2 Maximum Take-Off Weight Estimation 94

4.2.1 The General Technique 94

4.2.2 Weight Build-up 95

4.2.3 Payload Weight 96

4.2.4 Crew Weight 97

4.2.5 Fuel Weight 100

4.2.6 Empty Weight 108

4.2.7 Practical Steps of the Technique 112

4.3 Wing Area and Engine Sizing 113

4.3.1 Summary of the Technique 113

4.3.2 Stall Speed 118

4.3.3 Maximum Speed 120

4.3.4 Take-Off Run 131

4.3.5 Rate of Climb 136

4.3.6 Ceiling 140

4.4 Design Examples 145

Problems 155

References 158

5 Wing Design 161

5.1 Introduction 161

5.2 Number of Wings 164

5.3 Wing Vertical Location 165

5.3.1 High Wing 165

5.3.2 Low Wing 168

5.3.3 Mid-Wing 169

5.3.4 Parasol Wing 169

5.3.5 The Selection Process 169

5.4 Airfoil Section 170

5.4.1 Airfoil Design or Airfoil Selection 171

5.4.2 General Features of an Airfoil 173

5.4.3 Characteristic Graphs of an Airfoil 176

5.4.4 Airfoil Selection Criteria 182

5.4.5 NACA Airfoils 183

5.4.6 Practical Steps for Wing Airfoil Section Selection 188

5.5 Wing Incidence 195

5.6 Aspect Ratio 198

5.7 Taper Ratio 203

5.8 The Significance of Lift and Load Distributions 206

5.9 Sweep Angle 209

5.10 Twist Angle 223

5.11 Dihedral Angle 226

5.12 High-Lift Device 230

5.12.1 The Functions of a High-Lift Device 230

5.12.2 High-Lift Device Classification 232

5.12.3 Design Technique 235

5.13 Aileron 241

5.14 Lifting-Line Theory 242

5.15 Accessories 246 5.15.1 ...