Materials Nanoarchitectonics

A unique overview of the manufacture of and applications for materials nanoarchitectonics, placing otherwise hard-to-find information in context. Edited by highly respected researchers from the most renowned materials science institute in Japan, the first part of this volume focuses on the fabrication and characterization of zero to three-dimensional nanomaterials, while the second part presents already existing as well as emerging applications in physics, chemistry, biology, and biomedicine.

Auteur

Dr. Katsuhiko Ariga is the Director of Supermolecules Unit and Principal Investigator of World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees from the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TIT). He was Assistant Professor at TIT, worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Austin, USA, and then served as a group leader in the Supermolecules Project at Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). Thereafter, Dr. Ariga worked as Associate Professor at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, and then became involved with the ERATO Nanospace. Dr. Mitsuhiro Ebara is Principal Investigator in the Mechanobiology Group at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan.

Contenu
**1 Change Thinking toward Nanoarchitectonics 1
**Katsuhiko Ariga andMasakazu Aono

1.1 From Nanotechnology to Nanoarchitectonics 1

1.2 Way of Nanoarchitectonics 2

1.3 Materials Nanoarchitectonics 3

References 4

Part I Zero- and One-Dimensional Nanoarchitectonics 7

**2 Architectonics in Nanoparticles 9
**Qingmin Ji, Xinbang Liu, and Ke Yin

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Soft Nanoparticles 10

2.2.1 Smart Polymer Nanoparticles 10

2.2.1.1 Multi-Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles for Biological Therapy 10

2.2.1.2 Optoelectrical Polymer Nanoparticles 12

2.2.2 Nanoparticles from Biomimetic Assembly 13

2.3 Hierarchical Architecturing of Solid Nanoparticles 15

2.3.1 Porous Nanoparticles 15

2.3.2 Layered Nanoparticles 19

2.4 Janus (Asymmetric) Nanoparticles 21

2.5 Functional Architectures on the Surface of Nanoparticles 23

2.6 Summary 24

References 25

**3 Aspects of One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications 33
**Amit Dalui, Ali Hossain Khan, Bapi Pradhan, Srabanti Ghosh, and Somobrata Acharya

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Synthesis of NCs 35

3.2.1 Organometallic Synthesis Method 37

3.2.2 Single-Source Molecular Precursor Methods 37

3.2.3 Solvothermal/HydrothermalMethods 39

3.2.4 Template-Assisted Growth Methods 39

3.3 Growth Mechanisms of 1D Nanocrystals 40

3.3.1 SolutionLiquidSolid (SLS) Growth Approach 40

3.3.2 Oriented Attachment Growth Mechanism 40

3.3.3 Kinetically Induced Anisotropic Growth 42

3.3.3.1 Surface Energy and Selective Ligand Adhesion 42

3.3.3.2 Influence of the Phase of the Crystalline Seed Materials 43

3.3.3.3 Interplay betweenThermodynamic or Kinetic Growth Regimes 43

3.4 Post-SyntheticModification 44

3.4.1 Post-Synthetic Surface Modification 44

3.4.2 Post-Synthetic Chemical Transformation of NCs 47

3.5 Essential Characterization Techniques 48

3.6 Promising Applications of 1D NCs 50

3.6.1 Optical Polarization 50

3.6.2 Field-Effect Transistors 54

3.6.3 Photovoltaic Applications 57

3.6.4 Photodetection and Sensing 60

3.6.5 Catalysis 62

3.7 Summary and Conclusions 65

References 66

**4 Tubular Nanocontainers for Drug Delivery 85
**Yusuf Darrat, Ekaterina Naumenko, Giuseppe Cavallaro, Giuseppe Lazzara, Yuri Lvov, and Rawil Fakhrullin

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery 86

4.2.1 Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes 86

4.2.2 Functionalization of CNTs for Drug Delivery 87

4.2.3 Uptake of Carbon Nanotubes 87

4.2.4 Hybrid Materials 88

4.2.5 Vaccine Treatment 89

4.2.6 Cancer Treatment 90

4.2.7 Gene Therapy 90

4.2.8 Toxicity 90

4.3 Halloysite-Nanotube-Based Carriers for Drug Delivery 91

4.3.1 Halloysite Nanotubes: A Biocompatible Clay with Drug Delivery Capacity 91

4.3.2 Modified Halloysite Nanotubes with a Time-Extended Effect on the Drug Release 91

4.3.3 Covalently Functionalized Halloysite Nanotubes as Drug Delivery Systems Sensitive to Specific External Stimuli 93

4.3.4 Hybrids Based on Halloysite Nanotubes as Dual Drug Delivery Systems 94

4.4 Tubular Nanosized Drug Carriers: Uptake Mechanisms 95

4.5 Conclusions 100

References 102

Part II Two-Dimensional Nanoarchitectonics 109

**5 Graphene Nanotechnology 111
**Katsunori Wakabayashi

5.1 Introduction 111

5.2 Electronic States of Graphene 112

5.3 Graphene Nanoribbons and Edge States 112

5.4 Spintronic Properties of Graphene 115

5.4.1 Electric Field Induced Half-Metallicity 117 5.5 Summ...