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Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully
revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the
heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations
for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a
leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book offers
detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic
echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to
address advances in technology, including better transducers,
tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and
spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an
authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all
levels of experience.
The Second Edition has been restructured to be more
user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart
diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. Key
changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as
well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal
reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary
Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the
previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining
echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.
Auteur
June A. Boon, MS, is an Echocardiographer at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Résumé
Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book offers detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology, including better transducers, tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all levels of experience.
The Second Edition has been restructured to be more user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. Key changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.
Contenu
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 the Physics of Ultrasound 3
Basic Physics 3
Cycles and Wavelengths 3
Frequency 5
Speed of Sound 5
Acoustic Impedance 6
Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering 7
Attenuation 8
Tissue Harmonic Imaging 9
Transducers and Resolution 9
Pulse Repetition Frequency 9
Sound Beams 11
Axial Resolution 12
Lateral Resolution 12
Temporal Resolution 14
Doppler Physics 14
The Doppler Shift 15
The Doppler Tracing 15
Pulsed-Wave Doppler 16
Continuous-Wave Doppler 17
The Doppler Equation 18
Angle of Interrogation 19
Effect of Transducer Frequency 20
Effect of Sampling (Gate) Depth 21
Blood Flow 22
Color-Flow Doppler 23
Tissue Doppler Imaging 26
Artifacts 29
Patient Movement and Breathing Artifacts 30
Side Lobe Artifact 30
Reverberation Artifact/Mirror Image Artifact 31
Summary 33
Recommended Reading 35
Chapter 2 the Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Exam 37
Introduction 37
Patient Preparation 37
Patient Positioning 37
Small Animal Positioning 37
Large Animal Positioning 39
Transducer Selection 40
Two-dimensional Images 40
Introduction 40
Right Parasternal Long-Axis Images 46
Left Ventricular Outflow View (InflowOutflow View) 46
The Image 46
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 49
Scanning Technique: Horse 54
Four-Chamber View 58
The Image 58
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 58
Scanning Technique: Equine 58
Right Parasternal Short-Axis Images 58
Introduction 58
Left Ventricle with Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendinae View 63
The Image 63
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 65
Scanning Technique: Equine 66
Mitral Valve View 66
The Image 66
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 66
Scanning Technique: Equine 67
Heart Base: Aorta and Left Atrium View 67
The Image 67
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69
Scanning Technique: Equine 69
Heart Base: Pulmonary Artery View 69
The Image 69
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69
Scanning Technique: Equine 71
Left Ventricle with Pulmonary Artery View 71
The Image 71
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 71
Left Parasternal Apical Images 72
Introduction 72
Apical Five-Chamber View 72
The Image 72
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75
Scanning Technique: Equine 75
Apical Four-Chamber View 75
The Image 75
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75
Left Parasternal Cranial Long-Axis Images 80
Introduction 80
Left Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 80
The Image 80
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 80
Left Cranial Right Atrium and Auricle View 80
The Image 80
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 81
Left Cranial Right Ventricular Outflow View 82
The Image 82
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 83
Left Cranial Four-Chamber View: Equine 85
The Image 85
Scanning Technique: Equine 86
Left Cranial Five-Chamber View (Large Animal) 87
The Image 87
Scanning Technique: Equine 87
Left Parasternal Short-Axis Images 87
Introduction 87
Left Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 87
The Image 87
Scanning Technique: Small Animal 89
Scanning Technique: Equine 90 Left Cranial Left Auric...