Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Geostatistical Modeling and Kriging

Statistical Methods for Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Data Analysis provides a complete range of spatio-temporal covariance functions and discusses ways of constructing them. This book is a unified approach to modeling spatial and spatio-temporal data together with significant developments in statistical methodology with applications in R.

This book includes:

• Methods for selecting valid covariance functions from the empirical counterparts that overcome the existing limitations of the traditional methods.

• The most innovative developments in the different steps of the kriging process.

• An up-to-date account of strategies for dealing with data evolving in space and time.

• An accompanying website featuring R code and examples

Auteur

José-María Montero and Gema Fernández-Avilés, Department of Statistics, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

Jorge Mateu, Department of Mathematics, University Jaume I of Castellon, Spain

Contenu

List of figures xi

List of tables xvii

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

The companion website xxiii

1 From classical statistics to geostatistics 1

1.1 Not all spatial data are geostatistical data 1

1.2 The limits of classical statistics 5

1.3 A real geostatistical dataset: data on carbon monoxide in Madrid, Spain 7

2 Geostatistics: preliminaries 10

2.1 Regionalized variables 10

2.2 Random functions 11

2.3 Stationary and intrinsic hypotheses 13

2.3.1 Stationarity 13

2.3.2 Stationary random functions in the strict sense 14

2.3.3 Second-order stationary random functions 15

2.3.4 Intrinsically stationary random functions 16

2.3.5 Non-stationary random functions 18

2.4 Support 19

3 Structural analysis 20

3.1 Introduction 20

3.2 Covariance function 21

3.2.1 Definition and properties 21

3.2.2 Some theoretical isotropic covariance functions 23

3.3 Empirical covariogram 26

3.4 Semivariogram 27

3.4.1 Definition and properties 27

3.4.2 Behavior at intermediate and large distances 30

3.4.3 Behavior near the origin 31

3.4.4 A discontinuity at the origin 33

3.5 Theoretical semivariogram models 35

3.5.1 Semivariograms with a sill 36

3.5.2 Semivariograms with a hole effect 46

3.5.3 Semivariograms without a sill 47

3.5.4 Combining semivariogram models 50

3.6 Empirical semivariogram 52

3.7 Anisotropy 64

3.8 Fitting a semivariogram model 69

3.8.1 Manual fitting 70

3.8.2 Automatic fitting 71

4 Spatial prediction and kriging 80

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Neighborhood 83

4.3 Ordinary kriging 84

4.3.1 Point observation support and point predictor 84

4.3.2 Effects of a change in the model parameters 90

4.3.3 Point observation support and block predictor 99

4.3.4 Block observation support and block predictor 110

4.4 Simple kriging: the special case of known mean 113

4.5 Simple kriging with an estimated mean 115

4.6 Universal kriging 116

4.6.1 Point observation support and point predictor 116

4.6.2 Point observation support and block predictor 121

4.6.3 Block observation support and block predictor 121

4.6.4 Kriging and exact interpolation 122

4.7 Residual kriging 122

4.7.1 Direct residual kriging 123

4.7.2 Iterative residual kriging 124

4.7.3 Modified iterative residual kriging 125

4.8 Median-Polish kriging 125

4.9 Cross-validation 134

4.10 Non-linear kriging 138

4.10.1 Disjunctive kriging 138

4.10.2 Indicator kriging 142

5 Geostatistics and spatio-temporal random functions 145

5.1 Spatio-temporal geostatistics 145

5.2 Spatio-temporal continuity 146

5.3 Relevant spatio-temporal concepts 147

5.4 Properties of the spatio-temporal covariance and semivariogram 157

6 Spatio-temporal structural analysis (I): empirical semivariogram

and covariogram estimation and model fitting 162

6.1 Introduction 162

6.2 The empirical spatio-temporal semivariogram and covariogram 163

6.3 Fitting spatio-temporal semivariogram and covariogram models 170

6.4 Validation and comparison of spatio-temporal semivariogram and covariogram models 174

7 Spatio-temporal structural analysis (II): theoretical covariance models 178

7.1 Introduction 178

7.2 Combined distance or metric model 180

7.3 Sum model 183

7.4 Combined metric-sum model 184

7.5 Product model 187

7.6 Product-sum model 191 7.7 Por...