Power System Harmonics and Passive Filter Designs

As new technologies are created and advances are made with the ongoing research efforts, power system harmonics has become a subject of great interest. The author presents these nuances with real-life case studies, comprehensive models of power system components for harmonics, and EMTP simulations.

• Comprehensive coverage of power system harmonics

• Presents new harmonic mitigation technologies

• In-depth analysis of the effects of harmonics

• Foreword written by Dr. Jean Mahseredijan, world renowned authority on simulations of electromagnetic transients and harmonics

Auteur
J.C. Das is a consultant of electrical power systems at Power Systems Studies, Inc., USA. He is Life Fellow of IEEE (UK), Fellow of IET (India), and has authored approximately sixty technical papers and published 190 study reports of real-world power systems. He is the author of three books including ARC Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation. He is a registered P.E. in the states of Georgia and Oklahoma, C.Eng. in UK, and Eur Ing in Europe. J. C. Das is also a member of CIGRE, Federation of European Engineers, and other technical associations and organizations.

Contenu

FOREWORD xv

PREFACE xix

ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxi

CHAPTER 1 POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS 1

1.1 Nonlinear Loads 2

1.2 Increases in Nonlinear Loads 3

1.3 Effects of Harmonics 4

1.4 Distorted Waveforms 4

1.5 Harmonics and Sequence Components 7

1.6 Harmonic Indices 9

1.7 Power Factor, Distortion Factor, and Total Power Factor 11

1.8 Power Theories 13

1.9 Amplification and Attenuation of Harmonics 27

References 28

CHAPTER 2 FOURIER ANALYSIS 31

2.1 Periodic Functions 31

2.2 Orthogonal Functions 31

2.3 Fourier Series and Coefficients 33

2.4 Odd Symmetry 35

2.5 Even Symmetry 36

2.6 Half-Wave Symmetry 37

2.7 Harmonic Spectrum 41

2.8 Complex form of Fourier Series 41

2.9 Fourier Transform 43

2.10 Dirichlet Conditions 52

2.11 Power Spectrum of a Function 54

2.12 Convolution 56

2.13 Sampled Waveform: Discrete Fourier Transform 57

2.14 Fast Fourier Transform 64

References 69

CHAPTER 3 HARMONIC GENERATION-1 71

3.1 Harmonics in Transformers 71

3.2 Energization of a Transformer 79

3.3 Delta Windings of Three-Phase Transformers 82

3.4 Harmonics in Rotating Machine Windings 92

3.5 Cogging and Crawling of Induction Motors 97

3.6 Synchronous Generators 102

3.7 Saturation of Current Transformers 104

3.8 Ferroresonance 105

3.9 Power Capacitors 111

3.10 Transmission Lines 112

References 112

CHAPTER 4 HARMONIC GENERATION-II 115

4.1 Static Power Converters 115

4.2 Single-Phase Bridge Circuit 115

4.3 Reactive Power Requirements of Converters 122

4.4 Three-Phase Bridge Circuit 124

4.5 Harmonics on Output (DC) Side 133

4.6 Inverter Operation 135

4.7 Diode Bridge Converters 139

4.8 Switch-Mode Power (SMP) Supplies 142

4.9 Home Appliances 143

4.10 Arc Furnaces 144

4.11 Cycloconverters 147

4.12 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor 150

4.13 Pulse Width Modulation 154

4.14 Voltage Source Converters 158

4.15 Wind Power Generation 162

4.16 Fluorescent Lighting 165

4.17 Adjustable Speed Drives 167

4.18 Pulse Burst Modulation 174

4.19 Chopper Circuits and Electric Traction 175

4.20 Slip Frequency Recovery Schemes 177

4.21 Power Semiconductor Devices 178

References 181

CHAPTER 5 INTERHARMONICS AND FLICKER 183

5.1 Interharmonics 183

5.2 Sources of Interharmonics 183

5.3 Arc Furnaces 192

5.4 Effects of Interharmonics 196

5.5 Reduction of Interharmonics 198

5.6 Flicker 198

5.7 Flicker Testing 202

5.8 Control of Flicker 205

5.9 Tracing Methods of Flicker and Interharmonics 208

5.10 Torsional Analysis 210

5.11 Subsynchronous Resonance 217

References 225

CHAPTER 6 HARMONIC REDUCTION AT THE SOURCE 229

6.1 Phase Multiplication 230

6.2 Varying Topologies 230

6.3 Harmonic Cancellation: Commercial Loads 232

6.4 Input Reactors to the PWM ASDs 235

6.5 Active Filters 237

6.6 Active Current Shaping 248

6.7 Hybrid Connections of Active and Passive Filters 251

6.8 Impedance Source Inverters 255

6.9 Matrix Converters 259

6.10 Mutilevel Inverters 262

6.11 Switching Algorithms for Harmonic Control 270

6.12 Theory of Resultants of Polynomials 271

References 277

CHAPTER 7 ESTIMATION AND MEASUREMENTS OF HARMONICS 281

7.1 Waveform without Ripple Content 282

7.2 Waveform with Ripple Content 288

7.3 Phase Angle of Harmonics 298

7.4 Measurements of Harmonics 304 7.5 Meas...