Immunity to Parasitic Infection

Parasitic infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. Often endemic in developing countries many parasitic diseases are neglected in terms of research funding and much remains to be understood about parasites and the interactions they have with the immune system. This book examines current knowledge about immune responses to parasitic infections affecting humans, including interactions that occur during co-infections, and how immune responses may be manipulated to develop therapeutic interventions against parasitic infection. For easy reference, the most commonly studied parasites are examined in individual chapters written by investigators at the forefront of their field. An overview of the immune system, as well as introductions to protozoan and helminth parasites, is included to guide background reading. A historical perspective of the field of immunoparasitology acknowledges the contributions of investigators who have been instrumental in developing this field of research.

Auteur

Tracey Lamb is the editor of Immunity to Parasitic Infection, published by Wiley.

Contenu
List of Contributors xiii **Introduction: Immunoparasitology: The Making of a Modern Immunological science 1
Alan Sher

Section 1

**1 Notes on the Immune System 15
Tracey J. Lamb

1.1 The immune system 15

1.2 Innate immune processes 17

1.3 The complement cascade 19

1.4 Innate recognition 20

1.5 Pattern recognition receptors 21

1.6 Innate immune cells 23

1.7 Communication in the immune system 31

1.8 Adaptive immunity 31

1.9 The role of theMHC in the immune response 34

1.10 T cell activation and cellular-mediated immunity 36

1.11 B cells and the humoral response 43

1.12 Cell trafficking around the body 49

1.13 Cellular immune effector mechanisms 50

1.14 Hypersensitivity reactions 52

References for further reading 54

Section 2

**2 Introduction to Protozoan Infections 61
David B. Guiliano and Tracey J. Lamb

2.1 The protozoa 61

2.2 Amoebozoa 62

2.3 Excavata 67

2.4 Harosa 75

2.5 Protozoa that are now fungi 81

2.6 Taxonomy and the evolution of the parasitic protozoa 82

2.7 Genomic and post genomic exploration of protozoan biology 83

2.8 Summary 87

2.9 General information on protozoa 88

References for further reading 88

**3 Apicomplexa:Malaria 91
Tracey J. Lamb and Francis M. Ndung'u

3.1 Malaria 91

3.2 Recognition ofmalaria parasites 94

3.3 Innate effector mechanisms 95

3.4 Adaptive immunity 98

3.5 Memory responses 101

3.6 Immune evasion 101

3.7 Immunopathology 103

References for further reading 105

**4 Apicomplexa: Toxoplasma gondii 107
EmmaWilson

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Life cycle and pathogenesis 107

4.3 Innate immune responses 111

4.4 Evasion strategies 113

4.5 Adaptive immune responses 115

4.6 CNS infection 117

4.7 Conclusions 118

References for further reading 118

**5 Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidium 121
Jan R. Mead andMichael J. Arrowood

5.1 Life cycle 122

5.2 Clinical presentation 123

5.3 General immune responses in cryptosporidiosis 124

5.4 Innate effector mechanisms 125

5.5 Adaptive immunity 127

5.6 Memory responses 131

5.7 Antigens eliciting the immune response 132

5.8 Immune evasion 132

5.9 Immunopathology in the gut and intestinal tract 134

References for further reading 134

**6 Diplomonadida: Giardia 139
Steven Singer

6.1 The life cycle and pathogenesis of Giardia infection 139

6.2 Recognition of Giardia by the immune system 141

6.3 Innate effector mechanisms against Giardia 142

6.4 Adaptive immunity against Giardia 143

6.5 Memory responses 145

6.6 Antigens eliciting the immune response 146

6.7 Immune evasion 147

6.8 Immunopathology 148

6.9 Summary 150

References for further reading 150

**7 Kinetoplastids: Leishmania 153
IngridM¨ uller and Pascale Kropf

7.1 The pathogenesis of Leishmania infection 153

7.2 Life cycle 154

7.3 Parasite transmission and avoidance of immune responses 155

7.4 Innate effector mechanisms: the role of neutrophils in Leishmania infection 157

7.5 Adaptive immunity: lessons from L. major infections of mice 158

7.6 Arginase promotes Leishmania parasite growth 162

7.7 Memory responses 163

References for further reading 164 **8 Kinetoplastids: Trypanosomes 165
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