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All organisms produce nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides of purines and pyrimidines. However, while there have been a number of texts on nucleotide metabolism in microorganisms and humans, the presence of these phenomena in plant life has gone comparatively unexplored. This ground-breaking new book is the first to focus exclusively on the aspects of purine nucleotide metabolism and function that are particular to plants, making it a unique and essential resource.
The authors provide a comprehensive break down of purine nucleotide structures and metabolic pathways, covering all facets of the topic. Furthermore, they explain the role that purine nucleotides can play in plant development, as well as the effects they may have on human health when ingested.
Plant Nucleotide Metabolism offers a unique and important resource to all students, researchers, and lecturers working in plant biochemistry, physiology, chemistry, agricultural sciences, nutrition, and associated fields of research.
Auteur
Professor Hiroshi Ashihara is an Emeritus Professor at the Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. Dr Iziar A. Ludwig is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain. Professor Alan Crozier is an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA and the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Contenu
Preface xv
Part I General Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 1
1 Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Nomenclature and Abbreviations of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 3
1.3 Chemical Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 5
1.3.1 Purines 5
1.3.1.1 Purine Bases 5
1.3.1.2 Purine Nucleosides 6
1.3.1.3 Purine Nucleotides 7
1.3.2 Pyrimidines 8
1.3.2.1 Pyrimidine Bases 9
1.3.2.2 Pyrimidine Nucleosides 9
1.3.2.3 Pyrimidine Nucleotides 10
1.3.3 Pyridines 11
1.4 Summary 11
References 11
2 Occurrence of Nucleotides and Related Metabolites in Plants 13
2.1 Purines and Pyrimidines 13
2.1.1 Concentration of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides 14
2.1.2 Concentration of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases and Nucleosides 16
2.2 Pyridine Nucleotides 17
2.2.1 Concentration of Pyridine Nucleotides 17
2.2.2 Concentration of Nicotinate and Nicotinamide 18
2.3 Concentration of Cytokinins 18
2.4 Alkaloids Derived from Nucleotides 18
2.5 Summary 19
References 19
3 General Aspects of Nucleotide Biosynthesis and Interconversions 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 De Novo Biosynthesis of Ribonucleoside Monophosphates 21
3.3 Interconversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates, Nucleoside Diphosphates, and Triphosphates 23
3.3.1 Nucleoside-Monophosphate Kinase 23
3.3.2 Specific Nucleoside-Monophosphate Kinases 24
3.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Diphosphates to Nucleoside Triphosphates 24
3.4.1 ATP Synthesis by Electron Transfer Systems 25
3.4.2 Substrate-Level ATP Synthesis 26
3.4.3 Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase 26
3.5 Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides 29
3.6 Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 29
3.7 Supply of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate 30
3.8 Supply of Amino Acids for Nucleotide Biosynthesis 33
3.9 Nitrogen Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants 33
3.10 Summary 34
References 35
Part II Purine Nucleotide Metabolism 39
4 Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Reactions and Enzymes 43
4.2.1 Synthesis of Phosphoribosylamine 44
4.2.2 Synthesis of Glycineamide Ribonucleotide 46
4.2.3 Synthesis of Formylglycineamide Ribonucleotide 46
4.2.4 Synthesis of Formylglycinamidine Ribonucleotide 47
4.2.5 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Ribonucleotide 47
4.2.6 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Carboxylate Ribonucleotide 48
4.2.7 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Succinocarboxamide Ribonucleotide 48
4.2.8 Synthesis of Aminoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide 49
4.2.9 Synthesis of IMP via Formamidoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide 49
4.2.10 Synthesis of AMP 50
4.2.11 Synthesis of GMP 51
4.3 Summary 52
References 52
5 Salvage Pathways of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Characteristics of Purine Salvage in Plants 56
5.3 Properties of Purine Phosphoribosyltransferases 59
5.3.1 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase 59
5.3.2 Hypoxanthine/Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase 59
5.3.3 Xanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 62
5.4 Properties of Nucleoside Kinases 62
5.4.1 Adenosine Kinase 62
5.4.2 Inosine/Guanosine Kinase 64
5.4.3 Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases 64
5.5 Properties of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase 65
5.6 Role of Purine Salvage in Plants 66
5.7 Summary 66
References 66
6 Interconversion of Purine Nucleotides 71 6.1 Introduction...