Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

Comprehensive and timely, Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications provides the most up to date information on the various edible mushrooms on the market. Compiling knowledge on their production, application and nutritional effects, chapters are dedicated to the cultivation of major species such as Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and others. With contributions from top researchers from around the world, topics covered include:

• Biodiversity and biotechnological applications

• Cultivation technologies

• Control of pests and diseases

• Current market overview

• Bioactive mechanisms of mushrooms

• Medicinal and nutritional properties

Extensively illustrated with over 200 images, this is the perfect resource for researchers and professionals in the mushroom industry, food scientists and nutritionists, as well as academics and students of biology, agronomy, nutrition and medicine.

Auteur

Edited by

Professor Dr Diego Cunha Zied of Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil
and Researcher Dr Arturo Pardo-Giménez of Centro de Investigación, Experimentación
y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Spain.

Résumé

Comprehensive and timely, Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications provides the most up to date information on the various edible mushrooms on the market. Compiling knowledge on their production, application and nutritional effects, chapters are dedicated to the cultivation of major species such as Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and others. With contributions from top researchers from around the world, topics covered include:

• Biodiversity and biotechnological applications
• Cultivation technologies
• Control of pests and diseases
• Current market overview
• Bioactive mechanisms of mushrooms
• Medicinal and nutritional properties
  Extensively illustrated with over 200 images, this is the perfect resource for researchers and professionals in the mushroom industry, food scientists and nutritionists, as well as academics and students of biology, agronomy, nutrition and medicine.

Contenu

List of Contributors xix

Acknowledgments xxiii

Preface xxv

**1 Mushrooms and Human Civilization 1
**Behari Lal Dhar

1.1 Domestication of Mushrooms 2

References 3

**2 Current Overview of Mushroom Production in the World 5
**Daniel J. Royse, Johan Baars and Qi Tan

2.1 Lentinula edodes 6

2.2 Pleurotus spp. 8

2.3 Auricularia spp. 10

2.4 Agaricus bisporus 10

2.5 Flammulina velutipes 11

2.6 Outlook 11

References 12

**3 Mushrooms: Biology and Life Cycle 15
**Eustáquio Souza Dias and Manuela Rocha de Brito

3.1 Life Cycle of Fungi 15

3.2 The Subkingdom Dykaria 17

3.3 Homothallism, Heterothallism, and Amphithallism 18

3.4 Heterothallism 19

3.5 Homothallism 19

3.6 Amphithallism 20

3.7 Mating Type Genes 21

3.8 Agaricus brasiliensis (Syn = A. subrufescens or A. blazei): An Intriguing Example of Amphithallism 22

3.9 Life Cycle of Uncultivated Mushrooms 24

3.10 The Truffles 25

3.11 Morels 25

3.12 The Chanterelles 26

3.13 The Matsutake 27

3.14 Porcini 27

3.15 Decreased Production of Mycorrhizal Mushrooms in the Northern Hemisphere 28

3.16 Fitness of Filamentous Fungi 28

3.17 Final Considerations 30

References 31

**4 Genetic Aspects and Strategies for Obtaining Hybrids 35
**Manjit Singh and Shwet Kamal

4.1 Agaricus bisporus 36

4.2 Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Species) 60

4.3 Conclusion 72

References 73

**5 Spawn Production 89
**Kasper Moreaux

5.1 Our Spawn Industry Today 89

5.2 Basics 90

5.3 Spawn Production Techniques 92

5.4 Strain Selection 101

5.5 Strain Preservation and Degeneration 102

5.6 Production of Mother Cultures and Mother Spawn 107

5.7 Hygiene 114

5.8 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Filtration 116

5.9 Substrate Composition 122

5.10 Incubation 123

5.11 Conservation and Transport 127

References 128

**6 Compost as a Food Base for Agaricus bisporus 129
**Jos Buth

6.1 The Place of Agaricus Strains in Nature 129

6.2 Compost Process Phase I 130

6.3 Preparing Raw Materials 132

6.4 Phase II 138

6.5 Phase III 144

References 147

**7 Casing Materials and Techniques in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 149
**A. Pardo?]Giménez, J.E. Pardo and Diego C. Zied

7.1 General Aspects of Casing and Fruiting 149

7.2 Casing Materials 153

7.3 Casing Related Techniques 158

References 163

**8 The Bag or Block System of Agaricus Mushroom Growing 175
**Raymond Samp

8.1 Overview of the System 175

8.2 Bags and Blocks in Use 176

8.3 Practical Use of the System Phase I and Phase II 178

8.4 Practical Use of the System Spawning and Phase III 179

8.5 Practical Use of the System Casing through Cropping 186

References 195

**9 The Mushroom Industry in the Netherlands 197
**Jos Buth

References 209

**10 New Technology in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 211
**Arcadio Gómez

10.1 Introduction 211

10.2 Stages and Operations of the Production System 211

10.3 Conclusion 220

References 220

**11 Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production 221
**Danny Lee Rinker

11.1 Fly Pests 221

11.2 Mite Pests 230

11.3 Nematode Pests 231 Reference...