Ecoacoustics

The sounds produced by geophonic, biophonic and technophonic sources are relevant to the function of natural and human modified ecosystems. Passive recording is one of the most non-invasive technologies as its use avoids human intrusion during acoustic surveys and facilitates the accumulation of huge amounts of acoustical data.

For the first time, this book collates and reviews the science behind ecoaucostics; illustrating the principles, methods and applications of this exciting new field. Topics covered in this comprehensive volume include;

• the assessment of biodiversity based on sounds emanating from a variety of environments

• the best technologies and methods necessary to investigate environmental sounds

• implications for climate change and urban systems

• the relationship between landscape ecology and ecoacoustics

• the conservation of soundscapes and the social value of ecoacoustics

• areas of potential future research.

An invaluable resource for scholars, researchers and students, Ecoacoustics: The Ecological Role of Sounds provides an unrivalled set of ideas, tools and references based on the current state of the field.

Auteur

EDITED BY

ALMO FARINA is Professor of Ecology, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Urbino University, Italy. He is interested in developing theories in landscape ecology and ecoacoustics. He has published more than 270 reports, articles and books on zoology, eco-ethology, bird community ecology, landscape ecology, landscape changes, rural landscape modification, eco-semiotics, code biology, ecoacoustics, soundscape ecology, and ecological theories.

STUART H. GAGE is Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Stuart retired after about 30 years as Professor of Entomology. He received the University Distinguished Faculty Award and the University Outreach and Engagement Campus Fellow at Michigan State University. Stuart continues as Director of the Remote Environmental Assessment Laboratory. His current research focuses on application of ecological sensors, analysis of acoustic sensor observations and cyber infrastructure and he collaborates with colleagues in all realms of acoustics. The study of ecological acoustics has enabled Stuart to record the soundscape in many places using automated sensors. Many of these recordings are analyzed, stored, and are publicly accessible in a digital acoustics library (http://www.real.msu.edu).

Contenu

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xv

**1 Ecoacoustics: A New Science 1
Almo Farina and Stuart H. Gage

1.1 Ecoacoustics as a New Science 1

1.2 Characteristics of a Sound 1

1.3 Sound and its Importance 2

1.4 Ecoacoustics and Digital Sensors 3

1.5 Ecoacoustics Attributes 3

1.5.1 Population Census 4

1.5.2 Biological Diversity 4

1.5.3 Habitat Health 4

1.5.4 Time of Arrival/Departure of Migratory Species 4

1.5.5 Diurnal Change 5

1.5.6 Seasonal Change 5

1.5.7 Competition for Frequency 5

1.5.8 Trophic Interactions 5

1.5.9 Disturbance 5

1.5.10 Sounds of the Landscape and People 6

1.6 Ecoacoustics and Ecosystem Management 6

1.7 Quantification of a Sound 7

1.7.1 Species Identification 7

1.7.2 Acoustic Indices 7

1.8 Archiving Ecoacoustics Recordings 8

1.9 Ecological Forecasting 9

References 9

**2 The Duality of Sounds: Ambient and Communication 13
Almo Farina and Stuart H. Gage

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Vegetation and Ecoacoustics 14

2.2.1 Vegetation Quality and Ecoacoustics 15

2.2.2 Soundscape Indices and Biodiversity 15

2.2.3 Applications of Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Ecoacoustics 16

2.3 Acoustic Resources, Umwelten, and Eco-fields 17

2.4 Sounds as Biological Codes 20

2.5 Sound as a Compass for Navigation 21

2.6 Geophonies from Sacred Sites How to Incorporate Archeoacoustics into Ecoacoustics 22

2.6.1 The Characteristics of Geophonies 23

2.6.2 Geophonies and Sacred Sites 23

2.6.3 Human Versus Other Animals' Perception of Sound: The Role of Archeoacoustics 24

References 24

**3 The Role of Sound in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Three Case Examples from Michigan, USA 31
Stuart H. Gage and Almo Farina

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 C1 Visualization of the Soundscape at Ted Black Woods, Okemos, Michigan during May 2016 31

3.2.1 C1 Background 31

3.2.2 C1 Objectives 32

3.2.3 C1 Methods 32

3.2.3.1 C1 Soundscape Metrics 33

3.2.3.2 C1 Weather Factors Affecting Sounds 33

3.2.4 C1 Results 33

3.2.4.1 C1 Patterns of Soundscape Power for Six Frequency Intervals 33

3.2.4.2 C1 Patterns of Soundscape Indices 37

3.2.4.3 C1 Wind Patterns During May 2016 37

3.2.4.4 C1 Rain Patterns During May 2016 37

3.2.4.5 C1 Spectrogram Patterns 41

3.2.5 C1 Discussion 42

3.3 C2 Implications for Climate Change Detecting First Call of the Spring Peeper 44

3.3.1 C2 Background 44

3.3.2 C2 Methods 44

3.3.3 C2 Results 45

3.3.4 C2 Discussion 47

3.4 C3 Disturbance in Terrestrial Systems: Tree Harvest Impacts on the Soundscape 49

3.4.1 C3 Background 49

3.4.2 C3 Methods 51

3.4.3 C3 Results 52

3.4.3.1 C3 Changes in the Soundscape 52

3.4.3.2 C3 Statistical Influence of Forest Harvest 55

3.4.4 C3 Discussion 55

References 59

**4 The Role of Sound in the Aquatic Environment 61
Francesco Filiciotto and Giuseppa Buscaino

4.1 Overview on Underwater Sound Propagation 61

4.1.1 Sound Speed in the Sea 61

4.1.2 Transmission Loss 61

4.1.3 Deep and Shallow Sound Channel and Animal Communication 62

4.2 Sound Emissions and their Ecological Role in Marine Vertebrates and Invertebrates 63

4.2.1 Marine Mammals 63

4.2.2 Fish 64

4.2.3 Crustaceans 65

4.3 Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise in Aquatic Environments 67

4.3.1 Main Anthropogenic Sources of Noise in the Sea 67

4.3.2 The Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Organisms 68

4.3.2.1 Acoustic Masking and Damage to Hearing System of Marine Organisms 68 &l...