Chitosan

Unique book presenting the latest advancements and applications of chitosan-based hydrogels and composite materials in biotechnology, environmental studies, food, medicine, water treatments, drug delivery.

This book delves deeply in to the preparation, characterization and multiple applications of chitin and chitosan. The 17 chapters written by leading experts is an excellent reference source and state-of-the-art review for researchers and scientists using chitosan or biopolymers in their respective areas.

This book is divided into following sections:

• Production and derivatives of chitosan

• Chitosan in the textile and food industries

• Chitosan in biomedical applications

• Chitosan in agriculture and water treatment

The book is practical and readers will be able to see descriptions of chitosan production methods as well as techniques that can be used to estimate and modify their physical and chemical properties. It provides a full description not only of the traditional and recent developments in the applications of chitosan in the fields of biotechnology, environmental studies, food, medicine, water treatments, drug delivery, but it includes all of the therapeutic usages as well.

Auteur

Shakeel Ahmed is a Research Fellow at Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites. He has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He is an associate member of Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), UK and life member of Asian Polymer Association and Society of Materials Chemistry (India).

Saiqa Ikram is an Assistant Professor in Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. She was awarded her PhD from the Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi, India in the area of polymer technology. Her research area of interest is in green chemistry especially biopolymers, biocomposites and green synthesis of nanoparticles. Her work has been recognized at national level and sponsored in the form of Innovative Minor and Major Research Projects by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India. She has authored more than 45 research articles and five book chapters.

Contenu
Preface xvii

Section I Production and Derivatives of Chitosan

1 Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition, and Properties 3
Annu, Shakeel Ahmed and Saiqa Ikram

1.1 Chitin 4

1.2 Chitosan 11

1.3 Conclusion 21

References 21

2 Nitrogenated Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application 25
Michael Ioelovich

2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources 27

2.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 28

2.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 47

2.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides 54

2.6 Applications 58

2.7 Conclusion 60

References 61

3 Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates 71
Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Htun Inzali, Hla Ngwe and Nitar Nwe

3.1 Introduction 72

3.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes 74

3.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes 74

3.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme 78

3.5 Commercial Enzymes 78

3.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials 78

3.7 Conclusion 85

Acknowledgement 85

References 85

4 Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials 89
Wint Le Nu, Khin Chaw Win, Sai Pyae Sone Aung, Htun Inzali, Tetsuya Furuike, Hiroshi Tamura and Nitar Nwe

4.1 Introduction 90

4.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology 92

4.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms 93

4.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms 94

4.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology 98

4.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials 101

4.7 Conclusion 102

Acknowledgement 107

References 107

5 Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overlook of Commercial Application in Diverse Field 115
Tanvir Arfin

5.1 History 115

5.2 Synthesis of Chitosan 116

5.3 General Properties 117

5.4 Biological Properties 117

5.5 Physicochemical Aspects 118

5.6 Molecular Weight 118

5.7 Stability 118

5.8 Fabrication 119

5.9 Self-Assembly 120

5.10 Strategies Self-Assembly 121

5.11 Chief Significance 122

5.12 Various Forms 122

5.13 Chemical Modification 122

5.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization 122

5.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles 123

5.16 Modified Chitosan 123

5.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) 123

5.18 Michael Reaction 124

5.19 Antioxidant 124

5.20 Antibacterial Properties 126

5.21 Antimicrobial Activity 126

5.22 Antiviral Activity 129

5.23 Biological Adhesive 129

5.24 Bonding Purposes 130

5.25 Biodegradation 130

5.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence 131

5.27 Conjugation 131

5.28 Functionalization of Chitosan 131

5.29 Schiff 's Base Formation 131

5.30 Reductive Amination 134

5.31 ChitosanProteins Interaction 134

5.32 Absorption Enhancer 135

5.33 ChitosanStarch Blends 135

5.34 Application in Various Fields 135

5.35 Conclusion 146

References 146

6 Chitin and Chitosan-Complexes and Their Applications 151

6.1 Introduction 152

6.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin 153

6.3 Different Properties of Chitosan 154

6.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan 156 6.5 Complexes of Polyelectr...