Grid-Integrated and Standalone Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Systems

A practical and systematic elaboration on the analysis, design and control of grid integrated and standalone distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, with Matlab and Simulink models

• Analyses control of distribution networks with high penetration of PV systems and standalone microgrids with PV systems

• Covers in detail PV accommodation techniques including energy storage, demand side management and PV output power regulation

• Features examples of real projects/systems given in OPENDSS codes and/or Matlab and Simulink models

• Provides a concise summary of up-to-date research around the word in distributed PV systems

Auteur

DR. BO ZHAO is a Senior Research Engineer at State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute, and the director of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Distribution Generation and Microgrid Technologies in China. DR. CAISHENG WANG is an Associate Professor with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA. DR. XUESONG ZHANG is a Senior Research Engineer at State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.

Contenu
Preface xiii

1 Overview 1

1.1 Current Status and Future Development Trends of Photovoltaic Generation around theWorld 1

1.1.1 USA 3

1.1.2 Japan 5

1.1.3 Germany 5

1.1.4 China 6

1.2 Current Research Status of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation 8

1.2.1 Characteristics of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation 8

1.2.2 Impact of High-Penetration Photovoltaic Generations on Distribution Networks 9

1.2.3 Research Needs on Massive Distributed Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation 11

1.3 Summary 13

References 14

2 Techniques of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 17

2.1 Introduction to Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 17

2.1.1 Distributed Generation: Definition and Advantages 17

2.1.2 Principle and Structure of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 18

2.2 Photovoltaic Cells 20

2.2.1 Classification of the Photovoltaic Cells 20

2.2.1.1 Classification Based on Cell Structure 20

2.2.1.2 Material-based PV Cell Classification 21

2.2.2 Development History of Solar Cells 21

2.2.3 Model of a Silicon Solar Cell 22

2.3 Inverter 26

2.3.1 Topology of Connection between Inverter and Photovoltaic Module 26

2.3.2 The Classification and Characteristics of the Inverter 28

2.3.3 Requirements of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Inverter 29

2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control 32

2.4.1 Hill Climbing/Perturb and Observe 33

2.4.2 Incremental Conductance 34

2.4.3 Open-Circuit Voltage Method 36

2.4.4 Short-Circuit Current Method 36

2.4.5 Ripple Correlation Control 36

2.4.6 Load Current or Load Voltage MaximizationMethod 37

2.4.7 dP/dV or dP/dI Close-Loop Control 38

2.4.8 Maximum Power Point Tracking Efficiency 38

2.5 Summary 39

References 40

3 Load Characteristics in Distribution Networks with Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Load Characteristics of a Distribution Network 43

3.2.1 Load Types and Indices 43

3.2.2 Time-Sequence Characteristics of Typical Loads 45

3.2.3 Case Study 46

3.3 The Output Characteristics of Photovoltaic Generation 48

3.3.1 Regulations on Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation 48

3.3.2 Time-Sequence Characteristics of Photovoltaic Generation 49

3.3.3 Case Study 51

3.4 Characteristics of the Net Load in a Distribution Network with Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 53

3.4.1 Influence of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation on System Load Level 54

3.4.2 Influences of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation on Load Fluctuation 56

3.5 Power and Energy Analysis of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 57

3.5.1 Effective Power and Equivalent Electricity Generation of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation 57

3.5.2 CalculationMethods of the Correction Coefficients 58

3.6 Summary 61

References 62

4 Penetration Analysis of Large-Scale Distributed Grid-Connected Photovoltaics 65

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Economic Analysis of Distributed Photovoltaic Systems 66

4.2.1 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Distributed Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems 66

4.2.1.1 Cost Composition 66

4.2.1.2 Income Composition 67

4.2.2 Grid Parity 68

4.3 Large-Scale Photovoltaic Penetration Analysis 70

4.3.1 Further Explanation of Some Concepts 70

4.3.2 Concepts and Assumptions 71

4.3.2.1 Basic Concepts 71

4.3.2.2 Basic Assumptions 73

4.3.3 Power Penetration Analysis 73

4.3.4 Photovoltaics Penetration with Different Types of Load 79

4.4 Maximum Allowable Capacity of Distributed Photovoltaics in Distribution Network 82

4.4.1 Static Characteristic Constraint Method 82

4.4.1.1 Voltage Constraint 83

4.4.1.2 Protection 83

4.4.1.3 Harmonic Limit 85 4.4.2 Co...