Bio-pigmentation and Biotechnological Implementations

Recent technological advances have provided unique opportunities for the exploration of alternatives to the industrial use of chemically produced synthetic colors. The most promising developments in this area have been in bio-pigmentation derived from microorganisms. This groundbreaking book reviews the current state of the science of bio-pigmentation, providing important insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial biosynthesis of industrial pigments. Featuring contributions by leading researchers from both industry and academe, it explores the latest advances in the use of bio-pigments as safe, sustainable alternatives to chemically synthesized pigments, and provides extensive coverage the most promising sources of bio-pigments within the food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Proposes microbial uniqueness of coloration in variety of food, feed and pharmaceuticals Covers the basic science behind bio-pigmentation as well as the latest advances in the field Describes detection strategies for screening and identifying color producing microorganisms under varying environmental conditions Provides an exhaustive review of the literature on color producing extremophiles and offers fascinating insights into color production as a stress response in extremophiles Explores microbial molecular mechanisms of color production, with special coverage of color production as secondary metabolites under environmental stress Bio-pigmentation and Biotechnological Implementations is required reading for professionals and post-doctoral students of microbiology, applied microbiology, food microbiology, food science, and food biochemistry. It is a valuable working resource for scientists working in color-dependent food, feed, and pharmaceuticals.

Contenu

List of Contributors xv

Introduction xvii

**1 Introduction of Natural Pigments From Microorganisms 1
**Siyuan Wang, Fuchao Xu, and Jixun Zhan

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Microbial Pigments from Eukaryotic Sources 2

1.2.1 Pigments from Algae 2

1.2.2 Pigments from Fungi 4

1.2.3 Pigments from Yeasts 7

1.3 Natural Pigments from Prokaryotes 9

1.3.1 Natural Pigments from Cyanobacteria 9

1.3.2 Natural Pigments from Bacteria 10

1.4 Conclusion 16

References 16

**2 Establishing Novel Cell Factories Producing Natural Pigments In Europe 23
**Gerit Tolborg, Thomas Isbrandt, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, and Mhairi Workman

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Colorants 25

2.2.1 Classification of Colorants 25

2.2.2 Monascus Pigments 26

2.2.3 Biosynthesis of Monascus Pigments 29

2.2.4 Derivatives of Monascus Pigments 31

2.3 Screening for Monascus Pigment-Producing Cell Factories for the European Market 32

2.3.1 Cell Factory Selection and Identification 32

2.3.2 From Single Pigment Producers to High-Performance Cell Factories 33

2.4 Assessment of the Color Yield 34

2.4.1 Pigment Purification and Quantification 34

2.4.2 Detection and Identification 37

2.4.3 Quantification 38

2.4.4 CIELAB 41

2.5 Optimizing Cellular Performance: Growth and Pigment Production 41

2.5.1 Assessment of Classical Physiological Parameters 42

2.5.2 Media Composition 42

2.5.3 Cultivation Parameters 44

2.5.4 Type of Cultivation 46

2.5.5 Metabolic Engineering 48

2.6 Pigment Properties 50

2.7 Conclusion 51

References 51

**3 Color-Producing Extremophiles 61
**Eva García-López, Alberto Alcázar, Ana María Moreno, and Cristina Cid

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Color-Producing Extremophiles 62

3.2.1 Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles 63

3.2.2 Psychrophiles and Psychrotolerants 63

3.2.3 Alkaliphiles 66

3.2.4 Acidophiles 66

3.2.5 Piezophiles and Piezotolerants 66

3.2.6 Halophiles and Halotolerants 67

3.2.7 Radiophiles 67

3.3 Microbial Pigments 68

3.3.1 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls 68

3.3.2 Carotenoids and Phycobilins 69

3.3.3 Violacein 70

3.3.4 Prodigiosin 70

3.3.5 Pyocyanin 70

3.3.6 Azaphilones 70

3.3.7 Bacteriorhodopsin 71

3.3.8 Cytochromes 71

3.3.9 Other 72

3.4 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Pigments from Extremophiles 73

3.4.1 Applications in the Food Industry 74

3.4.2 Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry 77

3.4.3 Applications in the Textile Industry 78

3.4.4 Applications as Laboratory Tools 78

3.4.5 Applications in Bioremediation 79

3.4.6 Development of Microbial Fuel Cells 79

3.4.7 Biotechnological Production of Natural Pigments 80

3.5 Conclusion 80

Acknowledgments 80

References 80

**4 Current Carotenoid Production Using Microorganisms 87
**Laurent Dufossé

4.1 Introduction 87

4.2 -carotene 88

4.2.1 B. trispora 88

4.2.2 Phycomyces blakesleeanus 90

4.2.3 Mucor circinelloides 91

4.2.4 Applications 91

4.3 Lycopene 91

4.3.1 B. trispora 92

4.3.2 Fusarium sporotrichioides 93

4.4 Astaxanthin 93

4.4.1 X. dendrorhous, Formerly Phaffia rhodozyma 94

4.4.2 Agrobacterium aurantiacum and Other Bacteria 95 4.4.3 Advantages over Other Carotenoids 95&lt...