Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels, Volume 2

This second volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the latest and most up-to-date technologies and processes involved in the production of biofuels.

Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, as long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie."

Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art.

This second volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the production of biofuel, covering all of the major biofuels, such as biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioethanol, and others. This engaging text touches on all of the most important new processes and technologies, providing the most up-to-date coverage of the science available to industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working with biofuel technology.

Auteur

Lalit Kumar Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.

Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

Texte du rabat
This second volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the latest and most up-to-date technologies and processes involved in the production of biofuels.

Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, as long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie." Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art. This second volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the production of biofuel, covering all of the major biofuels, such as biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioethanol, and others. This engaging text touches on all of the most important new processes and technologies, providing the most up-to-date coverage of the science available to industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working with biofuel technology. Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels Volume 2: Production Technologies for Biofuels:

• Covers all of the latest technologies in biofuels production, such as bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, bioethanol, production from Lignocellulosics, and many others
• Includes 3 chapters of material on biodiesel, one of the most important biofuels being produced and an increasingly popular choice among consumers and organizations as an alternative to gasoline
• Discusses other biofuels, such as biobutanol, biomethane, biohydrogen, and others

Contenu
**1 Processing of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1
**Rebecca Gunn and Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Method 3

1.2.1 Pretreatment 3

1.2.2 Saccharification 10

1.2.3 Detoxification 11

1.2.4 Organism Selection 12

1.2.5 Media Composition and Operating Parameters 16

1.2.6 Ethanol Recovery 17

1.3 Discussion 18

References 20

**2 A Perspective on Current Technologies Used for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 25
**Archana Mishra and Sanjoy Ghosh

2.1 Introduction 26

2.2 Bioethanol Production from Various Feedstocks 26

2.2.1 Bioethanol Production from Sucrose Based Feedstocks 28

2.2.2 Bioethanol Production from 1st Generation Feedstocks (Starch) 28

2.2.3 Bioethanol Production from 2nd Generation Feedstocks (Lignocellulosic Biomass) 29

2.3 Various Conversion Paths or Technology Routes from Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol 32

2.3.1 Seperate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 33 2.3.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 35

2.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF) 37

2.3.4 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) or Direct Microbial Conversion (DMC) 37

2.3.5 Thermochemical Conversion Processes or Syngas Platform 40

2.3.5.1 Syngas Catalytic Conversion 41

2.3.5.2 Biological Path or Syngas Fermentation Route 43

2.4 Bioethanol Production Technologies Based on Different Fermentation Modes 46

2.4.1 Batch Fermentation 47

2.4.2 Fed Batch or Semi-Batch Fermentation 48

2.4.3 Continuous Fermentation 49

2.4.4 Fermentation Using Immobilized Cells 50

2.4.5 Fermentation Using Process Stream Recycling 52

2.5 Conclusion and Preferred Technology Route 53 References 56

**3 Immobilized Enzyme Technology for Biodiesel Production 67
**Sarah M. Meunier, Hamid-Reza Kariminia and Raymond L. Legge

3.1 Introduction 68

3.2 Production of Biodiesel 70

3.3 Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production 71

3.3.1 Enzyme Selection 73

3.3.2 Enzyme Immobilization Methods 79

3.3.3 Reaction Conditions 79

3.4 Reaction Kinetics 89

3.5 Bioreactor Configurations 95

3.6 Conclusions 99

References 100

**4 Oleaginous Yeast- A Promising Candidatea for High Quality Biodiesel Production 107
**Alok Patel, Parul A Pruthi and Vikas Pruthi

4.1 Introduction 108

4.2 Advantages of Using Biodiesel as Vehicular Fuel 110

4.3 Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production Using Oleaginous Yeast 111

4.4 Selection of Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 114

4.5 Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Accumulation in Oleaginous Yeasts 117

4.6 Conclusion 120

References 121

**5 Current Status of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae in India 129
***Vijay Kuma…