Pharmaceutical Calculations

Klappentext
Retaining the successful previous editions' programmed instructional format, this book improves and updates an authoritative textbook to keep pace with compounding trends and calculations - addressing real-world calculations pharmacists perform and allowing students to learn at their own pace through examples. Connects well with the current emphasis on self-paced and active learning in pharmacy schools Adds a new chapter dedicated to practical calculations used in contemporary compounding, new appendices, and solutions and answers for all problems Maintains value for teaching pharmacy students the principles while also serving as a reference for review by students in preparation for licensure exams Rearranges chapters and rewrites topics of the previous edition, making its content ideal to be used as the primary textbook in a typical dosage calculations course for any health care professional * Reviews of the prior edition: "...a well-structured approach to the topic..." (Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy) and "...a perfectly organized manual that serves as a expert guide..." (Electric Review)

Zusammenfassung
Retaining the successful previous editions' programmed instructional format, this book improves and updates an authoritative textbook to keep pace with compounding trends and calculations addressing real-world calculations pharmacists perform and allowing students to learn at their own pace through examples.

Inhaltsverzeichnis
PREFACE XIIICHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF BASIC MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES 11.1. Significant Figures 21.2. Rounding Off 41.3. Fractions 51.4. Exponents and Powers 81.5. Estimation 101.6. Units 121.7. Ratio 151.8. Proportion 151.9. Dimensional Analysis 18Practice Problems 21CHAPTER 2 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT 312.1. Metrology 312.2. The Metric System 322.3. The English Systems 332.4. Measurement of Weight 332.5. Measurement of Volume 382.6. Measurement of Length 412.7. Intersystem Relationships 432.8. Household Equivalents and Metric Estimation 44Practice Problems 49CHAPTER 3 PRESCRIPTIONS AND MEDICATION ORDERS 543.1. Prescribing Authority 553.2. Components 573.3. Practices To Prevent Medication Errors 583.4. Common Abbreviations 603.5. Outpatient Prescription Drug Orders 693.6. Inpatient Medication Orders 723.7. Interpretation 773.8. Calculations To Check "DEA" Numbers 773.9. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas 803.10. Parts Formulas 87Practice Problems 90CHAPTER 4 WEIGHING AND MEASURING IN PHARMACY PRACTICE 1034.1. Measurement Errors 1034.2. Indication of Error 1044.3. Tolerance In Prescription Compounding and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 1084.4. Weighing and Measuring 1094.5. Aliquot Method and Triturations 1194.6. Density 1424.7. Specific Gravity 144Practice Problems 145CHAPTER 5 DOSAGE CALCULATIONS 1605.1. Calculations Involving Dose, Size, Number of Doses, Amount Dispensed, and Quanity of a Specific Ingredient in a Dose 1615.2. Dosage Measured By Drops 1695.3. Dosage Based on Body Weight 1715.4. Dosage Based on Body Surface Area (BSA) 1745.5. Pediatric and Geriatric Dose Calculations 1815.6. Chemotherapy Dose Calculations 184Practice Problems 187CHAPTER 6 DRUG CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS 2036.1. Concentration 2046.2. Percentage Strength Expressions 2046.3. Stock Solutions, Concentrates, and Triturations 2186.4. Saturated Solutions 2226.5. Ratio Strength Expressions 2246.6. Other Pharmaceutical Expressions of Drug Concentration 230Practice Problems 235CHAPTER 7 DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION 2577.1. Problem-Solving Methodologies 2587.2. So, Which Method Should I Use? 291Practice Problems 296CHAPTER 8 ISOTONICITY 3108.1. Principles 3108.2. Sodium Chloride Equivalent Values 3128.3. Isotonicity by the Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method 3158.4. Other Tonicity Agents 3198.5. Isotonicity When One Ingredient is Already Isotonic 3218.6. Isotonic Buffered Solutions 3238.7. Other Methods 3268.8. Determination of the Tonicity of a Solution (Hypotonic, Isot...

Auteur
Maria Glaucia Teixeira, PhD, is Associate Professor Emeritus in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Wyoming, where she retired after 23 years on the faculty, following 10 years as Professor at the Federal University of Ceará in Fortaleza, Brazil. She has received numerous recognitions for her teaching, including the Top Prof and Excellence in Teaching awards at Wyoming. She received her PhD in Pharmacology at Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France. Joel L. Zatz, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University, New Jersey.

Résumé
Retaining the successful previous editions' programmed instructional format, this book improves and updates an authoritative textbook to keep pace with compounding trends and calculations - addressing real-world calculations pharmacists perform and allowing students to learn at their own pace through examples. Connects well with the current emphasis on self-paced and active learning in pharmacy schools Adds a new chapter dedicated to practical calculations used in contemporary compounding, new appendices, and solutions and answers for all problems Maintains value for teaching pharmacy students the principles while also serving as a reference for review by students in preparation for licensure exams Rearranges chapters and rewrites topics of the previous edition, making its content ideal to be used as the primary textbook in a typical dosage calculations course for any health care professional * Reviews of the prior edition: "...a well-structured approach to the topic..." (Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy) and "...a perfectly organized manual that serves as a expert guide..." (Electric Review)

Contenu

PREFACE XIII CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF BASIC MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES 1 1.1. Significant Figures 2 1.2. Rounding Off 4 1.3. Fractions 5 1.4. Exponents and Powers 8 1.5. Estimation 10 1.6. Units 12 1.7. Ratio 15 1.8. Proportion 15 1.9. Dimensional Analysis 18 Practice Problems 21 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT 31 2.1. Metrology 31 2.2. The Metric System 32 2.3. The English Systems 33 2.4. Measurement of Weight 33 2.5. Measurement of Volume 38 2.6. Measurement of Length 41 2.7. Intersystem Relationships 43 2.8. Household Equivalents and Metric Estimation 44 Practice Problems 49 CHAPTER 3 PRESCRIPTIONS AND MEDICATION ORDERS 54 3.1. Prescribing Authority 55 3.2. Components 57 3.3. Practices To Prevent Medication Errors 58 3.4. Common Abbreviations 60 3.5. Outpatient Prescription Drug Orders 69 3.6. Inpatient Medication Orders 72 3.7. Interpretation 77 3.8. Calculations To Check "DEA" Numbers 77 3.9. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas 80 3.10. Parts Formulas 87 Practice Problems 90 CHAPTER 4 WEIGHING AND MEASURING IN PHARMACY PRACTICE 103 4.1. Measurement Errors 103 4.2. Indication of Error 104 4.3. Tolerance In Prescription Compounding and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 108 4.4. Weighing and Measuring 109 4.5. Aliquot Method and Triturations 119 4.6. Density 142 4.7. Specific Gravity 144 Practice Problems 145 CHAPTER 5 DOSAGE CALCULATIONS 160 5.1. Calculations Involving Dose, Size, Number of Doses, Amount Dispensed, and Quanity of a Specific Ingredient in a Dose 161 5.2. Dosage Measured By Drops 169 5.3. Dosage Based on Body Weight 171 5.4. Dosage Based on Body Surface Area (BSA) 174 5.5. Pediatric and Geriatric Dose Calculations 181 5.6. Chemotherapy Dose Calculations 184 Practice Problems 187 CHAPTER 6 DRUG CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS 203 6.1. Concentration 204 6.2. Percentage Strength Expressions 204 6.3. Stock Solutions, Concentrates, and Triturations 218 6.4. Saturated Solutions 222 6.5. Ratio Strength Expressions 224 6.6. Other Pharmaceutical Expressions of Drug Concentration 230 Practice Problems 235 CHAPTER 7 DILUTION AND CONCENTRATION 257 7.1. Problem-Solving Methodologies 258 7.2. So, Which Method Should I Use? 291 Practice Problems 296 CHAPTER 8 ISOTONICITY 310 8.1. Principles 310 8.2. Sodium Chloride Equivalent Values 312 8.3. Isotonicity by the Sodium…