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This book presents a detailed summary of research on automatic layout of device-level analog circuits that was undertaken in the late 1980s and early 1990s at Carnegie Mellon University. We focus on the work behind the creation of the tools called KOAN and ANAGRAM II, which form part of the core of the CMU ACACIA analog CAD system. KOAN is a device placer for custom analog cells; ANANGRAM II a detailed area router for these analog cells. We strive to present the motivations behind the architecture of these tools, including detailed discussion of the subtle technology and circuit concerns that must be addressed in any successful analog or mixed-signal layout tool. Our approach in organizing the chapters of the book has been to present our algo rithms as a series of responses to these very real and very difficult analog layout problems. Finally, we present numerous examples of results generated by our algorithms. This research was supported in part by the Semiconductor Research Corpora tion, by the National Science Foundation, by Harris Semiconductor, and by the International Business Machines Corporation Resident Study Program. Finally, just for the record: John Cohn was the designer of the KOAN placer; David Garrod was the designer of the ANAGRAM II router (and its predeces sor, ANAGRAM I). This book was architected by all four authors, edited by John Cohn and Rob Rutenbar, and produced in finished form by John Cohn.
Texte du rabat
This monograph addresses the problem of device layout for high-performance custom analog cells. In particular, an alternative placement and routing formulation is proposed that is designed to minimize the cost in layout quality that is traditionally associated with analog layout automation.The goal of analog layout is to minimize the effects of layout induced performance degradation while, at the same time, to maximize the area utilization of the circuit. Human layout experts observe a variety of analog-specific layout constraints and exploit a range of geometric optimizations to achieve these performance and density goals. This work is directed at discovering how these constraints and optimizations can best be incorporated into automatic layout optimization.Two of the products of this research are a new analog device-level placer, KOAN, and a new analog device-level router, ANAGRAM II [40], which incorporate a more comprehensive set of layout constraints and geometric optimizations than in any previous systems. Analog Device-Level Layout Automation focuses on the formulation, algorithms, and certain relevant implementation details of KOAN and ANAGRAM II.
Contenu
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Focus.- 1.2 Introduction.- 1.3 Analog Cell Layout: Important Concerns.- 1.4 Semi-Custom Analog Layout Technologies.- 1.5 Layout Strategy.- 1.6 Overview.- 2 Basic Placement.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Simulated Annealing for Device-Level Placement.- 2.3 Basic Placement Formulation.- 2.4 KOAN Basic Placement Functionality.- 2.5 KOAN Basic Placement Results.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 Topological Placement.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Modeling Topological Constraints.- 3.3 Placement for Device Matching.- 3.4 Placement for Layout Symmetry.- 3.5 Placement for System-Level Topological Constraints.- 3.6 General Implementation Issues.- 3.7 Topologically-Constrained Results.- 3.8 Summary.- 4 Geometry Sharing Placement.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Geometry Sharing Optimizations in Analog VLSI Layout.- 4.3 Supporting Geometry Sharing Optimizations.- 4.4 Geometry Sharing Results.- 4.5 Placement Optimization Dynamics.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Line-Expansion Routing.- 5.1 Line-Expansion Routing.- 5.2 Basic Path Finding.- 5.3 Other Basic Routing Issues.- 5.4 Results.- 5.5 Summary.- 6 Integrated Rerouting.- 6.1 Need for Ripup.- 6.2 Rip-up Methodologies.- 6.3 Integrated Rip-up in ANAGRAM II.- 6.4 Embedding: Controlling Rip-up/Reroute.- 6.5 Summary.- 7 Symmetric Routing.- 7.1 Thermal Matching.- 7.2 Parametric Device Matching.- 7.3 Symmetric Placement.- 7.4 Symmetric Routing: Motivations.- 7.5 Symmetric Routing in ANAGRAM II.- 7.6 Routability Issues in Symmetric Routing.- 7.7 Results.- 7.8 Summary.- 8 Crosstalk Avoidance Routing.- 8.1 Crosstalk Avoidance Routing: Background.- 8.2 Crosstalk Avoidance in ANAGRAM II.- 8.3 Path Finding and Crosstalk Penalties.- 8.4 Results.- 8.5 Summary.- 9 Additional KOAN/ANAGRAM II Results.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 System-Level Overview.- 9.3 Scaling behavior.- 9.4Additional Comparisons with Manual Layout.- 9.5 Technology Remapping.- 9.6 Fabrication Example.- 9.7 Incremental re-spacing.- 9.8 Summary.- 10 Conclusions and Future Work.