Wind Resource Assessment

Informationen zum Autor Michael C. Brower , PhD, editor and lead author, is Chief Technical Officer of AWS Truepower, LLC, where he leads product development and helps ensure quality and standards across the company. A physicist and prominent expert in wind energy, he has led numerous assessments of utility-scale wind projects around the world. He is also known for his contributions to wind flow modeling and short-term wind forecasting. His coauthors are a team of experts in meteorology, engineering, and modeling who have collectively assessed over 60,000 MW of wind plant capacity. Klappentext This is a practical, authoritative guide to the siting and installation of a high-quality wind energy project, providing analytical methods for assessing the wind resource. The first half of the book describes the several stages of carrying out a wind-monitoring campaign, addressing such topics as worker safety, data security, and advanced remote sensing technology. The second describes the assessment methods. It also addresses cutting-edge research topics such as possible impacts of climate change on wind resources and the strengths and weaknesses of various atmospheric modeling approaches. Professionals in industry--such as planners, managers, and installers--as well as resource analysts, federal program managers, and students will rely on this resource. Zusammenfassung This is a practical, authoritative guide to the siting and installation of a high-quality wind energy project, providing analytical methods for assessing the wind resource. The first half of the book describes the several stages of carrying out a wind-monitoring campaign, addressing such topics as worker safety, data security, and advanced remote sensing technology. The second describes the assessment methods. It also addresses cutting-edge research topics such as possible impacts of climate change on wind resources and the strengths and weaknesses of various atmospheric modeling approaches. Professionals in industry--such as planners, managers, and installers--as well as resource analysts, federal program managers, and students will rely on this resource. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface xv1. Introduction 11.1 Where do Winds Come From? 21.2 Key Characteristics of the Wind 41.3 Wind Power Plants 61.4 Purpose and Organization of this Book 91.5 Questions for Discussion 10PART 1 Wind Monitoring 132. Overview of a Wind Resource Assessment Campaign 152.1 Site Identification 162.2 Resource Monitoring 162.3 Wind Resource Analysis 203. Siting a Wind Project 233.1 Site Selection 233.2 Regional Wind Resource Information 253.3 Field Surveys 293.4 Tower Placement 303.5 Permitting for Wind Monitoring 333.6 Land Lease Agreements 343.7 Questions for Discussion 354. Monitoring Station Instrumentation and Measurements 374.1 Basic Measurements 374.2 Additional Measurements 454.3 Recorded Parameters and Sampling Intervals 494.4 Data Loggers 504.5 Data Storage Devices 514.6 Data Transfer Equipment 524.7 Power Sources 554.8 Towers and Sensor Support Hardware 564.9 Wiring 574.10 Measurement System Accuracy and Reliability 584.11 Questions for Review and Discussion 595. Installation of Monitoring Stations 615.1 Equipment Procurement 615.2 Equipment Acceptance Testing and Field Preparation 625.3 Installation Team 645.4 Safety 645.5 Determination of True North 655.6 Tower Installation 665.7 Sensor and Equipment Installation 705.8 Site Commissioning 805.9 Documentation 815.10 Cost and Labor Estimates 815.11 Questions for Discussion 846. Station Operation and Maintenance 876.1 Site Visits 886.2 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 886.3 Documentation 926.4 Spare Parts Inventory 936.5 Questions for Discussion 937. Data Collection and Handling 997.1 Raw Data Storage 997.2 Data Retrieval 1017.3 Data Retrieval Frequency 1017.4 Data Protection and ...

Auteur

Michael C. Brower, PhD, editor and lead author, is Chief Technical Officer of AWS Truepower, LLC, where he leads product development and helps ensure quality and standards across the company. A physicist and prominent expert in wind energy, he has led numerous assessments of utility-scale wind projects around the world. He is also known for his contributions to wind flow modeling and short-term wind forecasting. His coauthors are a team of experts in meteorology, engineering, and modeling who have collectively assessed over 60,000 MW of wind plant capacity.

Texte du rabat

This is a practical, authoritative guide to the siting and installation of a high-quality wind energy project, providing analytical methods for assessing the wind resource. The first half of the book describes the several stages of carrying out a wind-monitoring campaign, addressing such topics as worker safety, data security, and advanced remote sensing technology. The second describes the assessment methods. It also addresses cutting-edge research topics such as possible impacts of climate change on wind resources and the strengths and weaknesses of various atmospheric modeling approaches. Professionals in industry--such as planners, managers, and installers--as well as resource analysts, federal program managers, and students will rely on this resource.

Contenu

Preface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Where do Winds Come From? 2 1.2 Key Characteristics of the Wind 4 1.3 Wind Power Plants 6 1.4 Purpose and Organization of this Book 9 1.5 Questions for Discussion 10 PART 1 Wind Monitoring 13 2. Overview of a Wind Resource Assessment Campaign 15 2.1 Site Identification 16 2.2 Resource Monitoring 16 2.3 Wind Resource Analysis 20 3. Siting a Wind Project 23 3.1 Site Selection 23 3.2 Regional Wind Resource Information 25 3.3 Field Surveys 29 3.4 Tower Placement 30 3.5 Permitting for Wind Monitoring 33 3.6 Land Lease Agreements 34 3.7 Questions for Discussion 35 4. Monitoring Station Instrumentation and Measurements 37 4.1 Basic Measurements 37 4.2 Additional Measurements 45 4.3 Recorded Parameters and Sampling Intervals 49 4.4 Data Loggers 50 4.5 Data Storage Devices 51 4.6 Data Transfer Equipment 52 4.7 Power Sources 55 4.8 Towers and Sensor Support Hardware 56 4.9 Wiring 57 4.10 Measurement System Accuracy and Reliability 58 4.11 Questions for Review and Discussion 59 5. Installation of Monitoring Stations 61 5.1 Equipment Procurement 61 5.2 Equipment Acceptance Testing and Field Preparation 62 5.3 Installation Team 64 5.4 Safety 64 5.5 Determination of True North 65 5.6 Tower Installation 66 5.7 Sensor and Equipment Installation 70 5.8 Site Commissioning 80 5.9 Documentation 81 5.10 Cost and Labor Estimates 81 5.11 Questions for Discussion 84 6. Station Operation and Maintenance 87 6.1 Site Visits 88 6.2 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 88 6.3 Documentation 92 6.4 Spare Parts Inventory 93 6.5 Questions for Discussion 93 7. Data Collection and Handling 99 7.1 Raw Data Storage 99 7.2 Data Retrieval 101 7.3 Data Retrieval Frequency 101 7.4 Data Protection and Storage 101 7.5 Documentation 102 7.6 Questions for Discussion 103 8. Ground-Based Remote Sensing Systems 105 8.1 Sodar 106 8.2 Lidar 108 8.3 Remote Sensing Campaign Design and Siting 109 8.4 Data Collection and Processing 110 8.5 Comparisons with Conventional Anemometry 111 8.6 Questions for Discussion 113 PART 2 Data Analysis and Resource Assessment 115 9. Data Validation 117 9.1 Data Conversion 118 9.2 Data Validation 119 9.3 Post-Validation Adjustments 125 9.4 Data Substitution and Averaging 127 9.5 Questions for Discussion 128 10. Characterizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.1 Summarizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.2 Questions for Discussion 141 11. Estimating the Resource at Hub Height 143 11.1 Wind Speed 143 11.2 Time-Varying Speeds and Speed Distributions 150 11.3 Other Parameters 151 11.4 Questions for Discussion 152 12. The Climate Adjustment Process 155 12.1 Is the Wind Climate Stable? 156 12.2 Requirements for Accurate MCP 159 12.3 Sources of Reference Data 166 12.4 The Target-Reference R…