Methods in Chemical Ecology Volume 2

Identification of chemicals that affect the naturally occurring interactions be tween organisms requires sophisticated chemical techniques, such as those docu mented in volume 1, in combination with effective bioassays. Without an effective bioassay, the identification becomes akin to looking for a needle in a haystack, but without any idea of what a needle looks like. To a large extent serniochemical identifications must be driven by bioassays. The design of bioassays for use in chemical ecology is governed by the sometimes conflicting objectives of ecological relevance and the need for simplic ity. Bioassay design should be based on observations of the interactions between organisms in their natural context, a theme that appears throughout this volume. As a result, this volume is as much about ecology and behavior as it is about specific methods. It is impossible to design a relevant bioassay, whether it is simple or complex, without understanding at least the fundamentals of how chemical cues or signals mediate the interaction in nature. Thus, the development of bioassay methods must be driven by an understanding of ecology and a knowledge of the natural history of the organisms under study. Given such an understanding, it is often possible to design assays that are both ecologically relevant and easy to perform.

Auteur

Kenneth F. Haynes is a Professor of Entomology in the Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

Texte du rabat

This practical manual represents a comprehensive, up-to-date compilation of useful chemical ecology techniques and references. Written from the viewpoint of the practitioner, this book and its companion volume on chemical methods describe apparatus and methods, providing detailed discussions of the advantages and limitations of various techniques. Taken together, the volumes provide the information required to isolate and identify biologically active chemicals mediating inter- and intraspecific interactions between organisms from most of the major taxa. Methods in Chemical Ecology: Bioassay Methods covers bioassay techniques from a broad spectrum of species, ranging from microorganisms in aquatic environments to mammals in terrestrial habitats. This volume is designed to assist both ecologists and chemists with the sometimes daunting task of developing bioassay techniques to be used in the isolation and identification of natural products. The contributors, all highly respected active researchers, provide insights into the many pitfalls of bioassay design based on their years of experience. With minimal use of technical jargon, this volume is designed as an indispensable reference manual for graduate students as well as experienced researchers. This volume will also serve as a valuable reference book for researchers in many related disciplines, including animal behavior, natural-products chemistry, ecology, botany/plant sciences, zoology, entomology, marine biology and ecology, and pharmacology.

Résumé
`Its greatest value is as a compilation of ideas to guide future work. As such, it is ideal for advanced students in chemical ecology, but it is also very readable and would be fascinating for those with general interests in ecology.'
Journal of Environmental Quality, 28 (1999)

Contenu

1. Bioassays with marine microorganisms.- 1.1. Chemical ecology of marine microorganisms.- 1.2. Ecological relevance of bioassays.- 1.3. Antimicrobial assays.- 1.4. Behavioral assays.- 1.5. Summary and conclusions.- 1.6. Acknowledgments.- 1.7. References.- 2. Bioassays with marine and freshwater macroorganisms.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Foraging cues.- 2.3. Feeding cues.- 2.4. Consequences of consuming defensive metabolites.- 2.5. Toxin-mediated prey capture.- 2.6. Chemically mediated detection of and responses to predators.- 2.7. Intraspecific chemical communication.- 2.8. Chemically mediated homing behavior.- 2.9. Settlement cues.- 2.10. Allelopathy and antifouling.- 2.11. Chemical ecology within a broader environmental context.- 2.12. Conclusions.- 2.13. Acknowledgments.- 2.14. References.- 3. Bioassay methods for fungi and oomycetes.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Intraspecific interactionsreproduction.- 3.3. Intraspecific population interactions.- 3.4. Interspecific interactions.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 3.6. Acknowledgments.- 3.7. References.- 4. Bioassays for allelopathy in terrestrial plant.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Case studies illustrating appropriate bioassays.- 4.3. Density-dependent phytotoxicity.- 4.4. Practical considerations.- 4.5. Acknowledgments.- 4.6. References.- 5. Bioassay methods with terrestrial invertebrates.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Behavioral bioassays for odors, pheromones, and other volatile compounds.- 5.3. Bioassays for contact oviposition stimulantstwo case studies.- 5.4. Measurement of preference.- 5.5. Postingestive bioassays.- 5.6. Measurements in diet studies: growth rate, consumption rate, and efficiency of conversion of food to biomass.- 5.7. Alternative methods to separate preingestive and postingestive effects.- 5.8. Contact andvolatile toxicity.- 5.9. Conclusions.- 5.10. Acknowledgments.- 5.11. References.- 6. Bioassay methods for amphibians and reptiles.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Amphibians.- 6.3. Reptiles.- 6.4. Conclusions.- 6.5. Acknowledgments.- 6.6. References.- 7. Bioassays for mammals and birds.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Chemical senses.- 7.3. Test paradigms.- 7.4. Experimental apparatus.- 7.5. Intraspecific behaviors.- 7.6. Interspecific behaviors.- 7.7. Case studies.- 7.8. Summary.- 7.9. Acknowledgments.- 7.10. References.