History of Midwifery in the United States

Klappentext The most definitive, authoritative and comprehensive history of midwifery in the US, authored by two of the profession's most distinguished nurse-leaders. The book begins with the early history of midwifery (spanning the period from the 1600s to the 1940s) and proceeds to move through and emphasize various additional and more recent eras of significance and evolution and development of the profession.

Auteur

Helen Varney Burst, MSN, CNM, DHL (Hon.), FACNM, is Professor Emeritus at the Yale University School of Nursing.

Contenu

Contents Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction

Definitions, Titles, and Credentials

Nurse-Midwives

Lay, Empirical, Community, and Direct-Entry Midwives

Midwifery and Midwives Through the Centuries

Midwifery Models of Care

The ACNM Midwifery Model of Care

MANA: “The Midwives’ Model of Care™”

Summary of Midwifery Models of Care

SECTION I: EARLY HISTORY OF MIDWIFERY IN THE UNITED STATES (1600s–1940s)

1. The Early Voices of Midwives

The Voices of Predecessor Midwives in Antiquity

The Voices of Midwives in the Colonies (1607–1775) and Early History of the United States (1776−Mid-1800s)

The Voices of Traditional African American Antebellum Slave Midwives (1619–1861)

The Voices of Granny Midwives (Late 1800s−Mid-1900s)

The Voices of Immigrant Midwives and Other Midwives in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s

2. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives: 1600s to 1800s

Advances in Knowledge and Exclusion of Midwives and Women From Learning

Midwifery in Europe

Study Abroad for Physicians and Their Takeover of Midwifery in the United States

Development of Medical Schools and the Flexner Report

Women in Medicine

Professionalization of Medicine and the Specialty of Obstetrics

Pain Relief During Childbirth: Ether and Chloroform

3. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives (Late 1800s–Early 1900s)

The “Midwife Problem”

Legislation/Rules/Regulations and the Practice of Midwifery

Nursing and Midwifery

The Bellevue School for Midwives

“Twilight Sleep”

Professionalization of Nursing, Nursing Education, and Public Health Nursing

Professionalization of Midwifery Needed to Survive

4. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives (Late 1910s–Mid-1940s)

Closure of the Bellevue School for Midwives

Restrictive Legislation

The Continuing Move Into Hospitals

Silencing the Immigrant Japanese Sanba Midwives

SECTION II: HISTORY OF EARLY NURSE-MIDWIFERY PRACTICE AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1920s–EARLY 1950s)

5. Nursing Roots

Florence Nightingale

Public Health Nursing

Public Health Policies, Programs, and Public Health Nursing

Children’s Bureau

Prenatal Care

Maternity Center Association

Public Health Nurses as Midwives

Sheppard–Towner Act

6. The Nurse-Midwife Starts Practicing (1920s–Early 1950s)

Frontier Nursing Service

Lobenstine Midwifery Clinic

Practice of Early Nurse-Midwifery Education Program Graduates (1925–1954)

Family-Centered Maternity Care and Natural Childbirth

7. Early Education for Nurse-Midwives (1920s–1954)

Manhattan Midwifery School

Lobenstine/Maternity Center Association Midwifery School

Frontier Nursing School of Midwifery

Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery

Dillard University Flint-Goodridge School of Nurse-Midwifery

Catholic Maternity Institute School of Nurse-Midwifery and Catholic University of America

SECTION III: HISTORY OF THE RESURGENCE OF COMMUNITY MIDWIVES AND EARLY EDUCATION PATHWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES (1960s–1980s)

8. Resurgence of Community Midwives

Consumer Demand for Out-of-Hospital Birth

Responses to Consumer Demands

Midwife Responses to Consumer Demands

Legal Responses to Consumer Demands

Organizational Responses to Consumer Demands

Variety of Lay Midwife Practitioners in the 1960s and 1970s

Communication and Networking

9. Early Education Pathways for Community and Lay Midwives (1970s and 1980s)

Apprentice Education: 1800s to 1970s

Definitions

Early History of Apprentice Education in Medicine

Early History of Apprentice Education in Nursing

Apprentice Education in Midwifery During the 1970s and Early 1980s

Key Issues Related to Apprentice Education in Midwifery

Academic Models of Lay/Community Midwife Education

The Maternity Center at El Paso Training Program (1976)

Arizona School of Midwifery (1977)–Tucson

Seattle Midwifery School (1978)

Utah College of Midwifery/Midwives College of Utah (1980)—Salt Lake City

Northern Arizona College of Midwifery (1981)

Maternidad La Luz (1987)—El Paso

The Northern Arizona School of Midwifery (1988)—Flagstaff

The New Mexico College of Midwifery (1989)/National College of Midwifery (1991)—Taos

SECTION IV: DEVELOPMENT OF MIDWIFERY ORGANIZATIONS—LIFE-GIVING FORCES FOR MIDWIVES

Introduction and Overview of Professionalism and Professionalization

Definition and Characteristics of a Profession

Key Characteristics of a Professional

Professionalism and Professionalization

 10. The American College of Nurse-Midwives

Predecessor Organizations

Founding of the American College of Nurse-Midwifery

Organizational Development

Incorporation

The Seal of the American College of Nurse-Midwifery/Nurse-Midwives

Mission

Bylaws and Structure

Presidents

Headquarters/National Office

Communication

A.C.N.M. Foundation

Awards

Core Documents

Definitions

Philosophy

Functions, Standards, and Qualifications

Core Competencies

ACNM Code of Ethics

Peer Review

Home Birth, Practice Settings, and Review of Clinical Practice Statement Documents

 11. Midwives Alliance of North America

Predecessor Organizations

First International Conference of Practicing Midwives (January 14–16, 1977)

National Midwives Association (June 1977)

Second International Conference of Practicing Midwives (March 17−19, 1978)

Meeting of CNMs and Non-Nurse Midwives (October 30, 1981)

Founding of Midwives Alliance of North America

Organizational Development

MANA Goals

First Convention and the MANA Process

Mission

Philosophy

Bylaws

Presidents

Committee Structure

Statistics and Research Committee

Communication/Public Relations (Education) Committee

*Communication/*MANA News

Central Office

Essential (Core) Documents

Standards and Qualifications for the Art and Practice of Midwifery

Core Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice

MANA Statement of Values and Ethics

MANA Position Statements

Descriptive Statistics

Coda

 12. National Association of Certified Professional Midwives

Early History and Founding

Organizational Development

Purpose and Aim

Board of Directors

Standards Committee

Practice Committee

Core Documents

Mission

Philosophy and Principles of Practice

Scope of Practice

The Standards of Practice for NACPM Members

Issue Brief: Certified Professional Midwives in the United States

NACPM Website

Coda

SECTION V: HISTORY OF NURSE-MIDWIFERY PRACTICE AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1950s−1980s)

 13. Nurse-Midwifery Practice (1950s–1980s)

Nurse-Midwives Move Into Large City and University Medical Center Hospitals

Psychoprophylaxis

Technological Advances and the Continuing Quest for Pain Relief

Nurse-Midwives Move Into Private Practice With Births Both In and Out of a Hospital

Nurse-Midwives Create the Modern Out-of-Hospital Birth Cente…