Microcomputer Control of Thermal and Mechanical Systems

Microcomputers are having, and will have in the future, a significant impact on the technology of all fields of engineering. The applications of micro computers of various types that are now integrated into engineering include computers and programs for calculations, word processing, and graphics. The focus of this book is on still another objective-that of control. The forms of microcomputers used in control range from small boards dedicated to control a single device to microcomputers that oversee the operation of numerous smaller computers in a building complex or an industrial plant. The most dramatic growth in control applications recently has been in the microcom puters dedicated to control functions in automobiles, appliances, production machines, farm machines, and almost all devices where intelligent decisions are profitable. Both engineering schools and individual practicing engineers have re sponded in the past several years to the dramatic growth in microcomputer control applications in thermal and mechanical systems. Universities have established courses in computer control in such departments of engineering as mechanical, civil, agricultural, chemical and others. Instructors and students in these courses see a clear role in the field that complements that of the com puter specialist who usually has an electrical engineering or computer science background. The nonEE or nonCS person should first and foremost be com petent in the mechanical or thermal system being controlled. The objectives of extending familiarity into the computer controller are (1) to learn the char acteristics, limitations, and capabilit.

Inhalt
1 Microcomputer Control.- 1-1 The Penetration of Microprocessors into Engineering Fields.- 1-2 The Path by which Microcomputer Control Has Grown.- 1-3 Chemical and Process Industries.- 1-4 Environmental Control of Buildings.- 1-5 Automobiles.- 1-6 Home Appliances.- 1-7 Computer Control in Manufacturing.- 1-8 Electric Power Generation and Regulation.- 1-9 Agricultural Applications of Computer Control.- 1-10 What the Engineer Who Applies Computers Needs to Know.- References.- 2 DC Circuits and Power Supplies.- 2-1 Understanding Circuits.- 2-2 Kirchhoff's Laws.- 2-3 Thévenin Equivalent.- 2-4 Norton Equivalent.- 2-5 RC Circuits.- 2-6 Resistors.- 2-7 Diodes.- 2-8 Rectifying Circuit.- 2-9 Voltage Ripple.- 2-10 Commercial Power Supplies.- 2-11 Voltage Regulators.- Problems.- 3 Operational Amplifiers.- 3-1 Application of Operational Amplifiers.- 3-2 Basic Characteristic of the Op Amp.- 3-3 Comparator.- 3-4 Inverting Amplifier.- 3-5 Choice of Resistances.- 3-6 Non-inverting Op Amp.- 3-7 Buffer or Follower Amp.- 3-8 Signal Conditioning.- 3-9 Summing and Multiplying Amplifier.- 3-10 Generalized Circuit for an Op Amp.- 3-11 Integrator.- 3-12 Pin Diagram of 741 Op Amp.- 3-13 Limitations and Ratings of the Op Amp.- General References.- Problems.- 4 Transistors.- 4-1 Impact of the Transistor.- 4-2 Symbols and Terminology.- 4-3 Current Characteristics.- 4-4 Bipolar-Junction and Field-Effect Transistors.- 4-5 Voltages at the Transistor Terminals.- 4-6 Voltage Amplifier.- 4-7 Transistor as a Switch, and Saturating the Transistor.- 4-8 Common Emitter and Common Collector Circuits.- 4-9 Zener Diode.- 4-10 Constant-Current Source.- 4-11 Designing a Constant-Current Source.- 4-12 Operating Limits of a Transistor.- 4-13 Transistor Packages.- References.- Problems.- 5 Transducers.- 5-1 Importance of Good Instrumentation.- 5-2 Thermocouples.- 5-3 Thermocouple Reference Junction.- 5-4 Metal and Thermistor Resist ance-Temperature Devices.- 5-5 Series Circuit.- 5-6 Bridge Circuits.- 5-7 Amplification of a Bridge Output.- 5-8 RTD Circuits Supplied with Constant Current.- 5-9 Temperature-Dependent Integrated Circuits.- 5-10 Application of SensorsLiquid Temperature.- 5-11 Application of SensorsTemperature of Air and Other Gases.- 5-12 An Overview of Temperature Sensors and Transducers.- 5-13 Flow Rate and Velocity Measurement.- 5-14 Venturi TubesLiquid Flow Measurement.- 5-15 OrificeLiquid Flow Measurement.- 5-16 Flow Measurement of a Compressible Fluid in a Venturi or Orifice.- 5-17 Pitot Tubes.- 5-18 Hot-Wire Anemometer.- 5-19 Turbine Flow Meter.- 5-20 Ultrasonic Flow Meters.- 5-21 Vortex-Shedding Flow Meters.- 5-22 Evaluation of Flow-Measuring Devices.- 5-23 Pressure Transducers.- 5-24 Evaluation of Types of Pressure Transducers.- 5-25 Force.- 5-26 Torque.- 5-27 Electric Current.- 5-28 Humidity Sensors.- 5-29 Chemical Composition.- 5-30 Liquid Level.- 5-31 Position and Motion Sensors.- 5-32 Rotative Speed.- 5-33 How to Choose Transducers.- References.- General References.- Problems.- 6 Actuators.- 6-1 Actuators for Computer Control Systems.- 6-2 Two-Position DC Electric Switch.- 6-3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) for DC Switching.- 6-4 TriacAlternating Current Switching.- 6-5 Optically Isolated Switch.- 6-6 Solid-State Relays.- 6-7 Electric-Motor Actuators.- 6-8 Magnetic Operator.- 6-9 Hydraulic Actuator.- 6-10 Pneumatic Valve and Damper Operators.- 6-11 Electric-to-Pneumatic Transducer.- 6-12 Stepping Motors.- 6-13 Performance of Stepping Motors.- References.- Problems.- 7 Binary Numbers and Digital Electronics.- 7-1 Transition to Digital Electronics.- 7-2 Binary Numbers.- 7-3 Conversion between Binary and Decimal Numbers.- 7-4 Addition of Binary Numbers.- 7-5 Basic Logic Operations.- 7-6 OR Gate.- 7-7 AND Gate.- 7-8 Inverter.- 7-9 NOT-OR (NOR) Gate.- 7-10 NOT-AND (NAND) Gate.- 7-11 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate.- 7-12 Combining and Cascading Gates.- 7-13 De Morgan's Laws.- 7-14 Gate Chips.- 7-15 Ladder Diagrams for Conditional and Sequential Control.- 7-16 Ladder Diagram Using Gates.- 7-17 Sequential Logic Circuits.- 7-18 Binary Addition with Gates.- 7-19 Pull-Up Resistor.- 7-20 Three Classes of Outputs Found on Inverters and Buffer Gates.- 7-21 Debounced Switch.- 7-22 Clocks and Oscillators.- 7-23 Flip-Flops.- 7-24 Divide-By Counters.- 7-25 Schmitt Trigger.- 7-26 Monostable Multivibrator.- 7-27 Low-Frequency Pulses.- 7-28 Latches.- 7-29 Comparators.- 7-30 Analog SwitchesField-Effect Transistors.- 7-31 Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD).- 7-32 Seven-Segment LEDs.- 7-33 Summary.- General References.- Problems.- 8 Conversion Between Digital and Analog.- 8-1 Elements of a Microcomputer Controller.- 8-2 A Simple DAC.- 8-3 DAC Using R-2R Ladder Circuit.- 8-4 The 1408 DAC.- 8-5 Applying the 1408 DAC.- 8-6 Multiplexers.- 8-7 Fidelity of Voltage Transmission Through a MUX.- 8-8 Sample-and-Hold Circuits.- 8-9 Operating Sequence with Multichannel Control.- 8-10 Where Analog-to-Digital Conversion Is Needed.- 8-11 Internal Functions of One Class of ADCs.- 8-12 More Complete Description of the Internal Functions of an ADC.- 8-13 Staircase and Successive Approximation Search Routines and Dual-Slope Integration.- 8-14 Pin Diagram of an 8-Bit ADC.- 8-15 Characteristics of the ADC 0800.- 8-16 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using a DAC in Combination with Software.- 8-17 Choosing the ADC.- Problems.- 9 Memories.- 9-1 Function and Types of Memories.- 9-2 ROMs.- 9-3 EPROMs.- 9-4 RAMs.- 9-5 The MCM6810 RAM.- 9-6 Four-Bit RAMsthe MCM2114.- 9-7 Dynamic RAMs.- 9-8 EEPROMs.- 9-9 Memories on the Microcomputer.- General References.- Problems.- 10 Binary Arithmetic.- 10-1 The Eight-Bit Microcomputer.- 10-2 Two's Complement ArithmeticSubtraction.- 10-3 Multiplication.- 10-4 Hexadecimal System.- 10-5 Labeling Conventions.- 10-6 Signed and Unsigned Numbers.- 10-7 Unsigned NumbersThe Carry Flag.- 10-8 Signed NumbersTwo's Complement Overflow.- 10-9 Status Registers on Microprocessors.- References.- Problems.- 11 Programming a Microprocessor.- 11-1 A Generic Microprocessor.- 11-2 Data and Address Buses in a Generic Microcomputer.- 11-3 The Accumulator with its Arithmetic, Logic, and Transfer Operations.- 11-4 The Fetch-Decode-Execute Sequence.- 11-5 Preliminary Instruction Set.- 11-6 Program Counter.- 11-7 Status Register and Jumps.- 11-8 Another AccumulatorIncrementing and Decrementi…