Surfactants in Consumer Products

In to days market, custom formulated surfactants are offered for a wide range of applications. The need for surfactants in detergents, cleaning agents, cosmetics & toiletries is second only to an expanding demand in industrial applications. But even within the non-industrial areas the demands have undergone significant changes in recent years. For example, washing and cleaning temperatures have substantially decreased with increased energy conservation attitudes, and more stringent regulatory requirements in the area of ecology and toxicology are leading to new product profiles. New manufacturing technologies and an increased utilization of natural raw materials also factor into this continuing evolution. These changes and trends have been described in numerous publications. However, a summary and survey of these developments is currently missing. The book presented here "Surfactants in Consumer Products" is intended to close this gap. The editor and authors dedicate this work to Dr. Dr. h.c. Konrad Henkel on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Dr. Henkel, himself a scientist and industrialist, contributed signifi cantly to developments in the surfactant field. In the nineteen-fifties, he initiated the change from soap based detergents to synthetic detergents within Henkel. At the same time, dishwashing detergents utilizing various synthetic surfactants were also developed, and became the basis for modem manual and mechanical dishwashing.

Inhalt
1 Historical Review.- 2 Structure and Application of Surfactants.- 2.1 Surfactant Structure and Classification.- 2.2 Application of Surfactants.- 2.2.1 Consumer Products.- Detergents.- Dishwashing agents.- Cleaning agents.- Personal products.- 2.2.2 Industrial Applications.- Food products.- Pharmaceutical industry.- Insecticides and herbicides.- Agriculture.- Textiles and fibres.- Chemical industry.- Plastics industry.- Paints and lacquers.- Cellulose and paper.- Leather and furs.- Photographic industry.- Metal processing.- Electroplating.- Adhesives.- Road construction and building materials.- Firefighting.- Mining and flotation.- Oilfield chemicals.- 2.3 Literature.- 3 Synthesis of Surfactants.- 3.1 Raw Materials.- 3.1.1 Fat Derived Chemical Raw Materials.- 3.1.1.1 Fatty Acids.- 3.1.1.2 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters.- 3.1.1.3 Fatty Alcohols.- 3.1.1.4 Fatty Amines.- 3.1.2 Petrochemical Raw Materials.- 3.1.2.1 Long-Chain Hydrocarbons.- 3.1.2.2 Short-Chain Hydrocarbons.- 3.1.2.3 Alkylene Oxides.- 3.1.2.4 Olefins, Fatty- and Oxo-Alcohols by Chain-Building Reactions.- 3.1.2.5 Alkyl Aromatics.- 3.1.2.6 Amines.- 3.1.3 Fatty Chemical and Petrochemical Raw Materials Contrast or Supplement?.- 3.2 Surfactants.- 3.2.1 Anionic Surfactants.- 3.2.1.1 General Production Technologies.- 3.2.1.2 Soaps.- 3.2.1.3 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates.- 3.2.1.4 Fatty Alcohol Sulfates.- 3.2.1.5 Alkyl Ether Sulfates.- 3.2.1.6 Alkane Sulfonates.- 3.2.1.7 Olefin Sulfonates.- 3.2.1.8 ?-Sulfo Fatty Acid Esters.- 3.2.1.9 Internal Sulfo Fatty Acid Esters.- 3.2.1.10 Fatty Acid Cyanamides (Amide Soaps).- 3.2.1.11 Sulfo Succinic Acid Alkyl Esters.- 3.2.1.12 Acyl Oxyalkane Sulfonates (Fatty Acid Isethionates).- 3.2.1.13 Acylamino Alkane Sulfonates (Taurides).- 3.2.1.14 Ether Sulfonates.- 3.2.1.15 Ether Carboxylic Acids.- 3.2.1.16 Sarcosinates.- 3.2.1.17 Alkyl Phosphates and Alkyl Ether Phosphates.- 3.2.2 Nonionic Surfactants.- 3.2.2.1 Basic Properties.- 3.2.2.2 Polyglycol Ethers.- Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.- Alkylphenol polyglycol ethers.- End group-capped fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.- Fatty acid polyglycol esters.- Fatty acid alkanol amides, fatty acid alkanolamido polyglycol ethers.- Ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymers.- 3.2.2.3 Polyol Surfactants.- Glycerine fatty acid esters.- Sorbitan esters.- Sugar derived surfactants (sugar esters, alkyl glycosides).- 3.2.2.4 Amine Oxides.- 3.2.3 Cationic Surfactants.- 3.2.3.1 Application Areas.- 3.2.3.2 Reaction Conditions.- Amine salts.- Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats).- 3.2.3.3 Amines with one long Alkyl Group.- 3.2.3.4 Amines with a long ß-Hydroxyalkyl Group.- 3.2.3.5 Amines with Several long Alkyl Groups.- 3.2.3.6 Amines with Several long ß-Hydroxyalkyl Groups.- 3.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactants.- 3.2.4.1 Carboxy Amphoteric Surfactants.- Alkyl betaines.- Other amphoterics.- 3.2.4.2 Sulfo Betaines.- 3.2.4.3 Basic Properties.- 3.2.5 Biosurfactants.- 3.2.5.1 Structure and Synthesis.- 3.2.5.2 Applications.- 3.3 Literature.- 4 Interfacial and Colloidal Properties.- 4.1 Solubility of Surfactants.- 4.1.1 Krafft Point.- 4.1.2 Cloud Point.- 4.2 Interfacial Activity and Micelle Formation.- 4.2.1 Effect of Surfactant Constitution.- 4.2.2 Properties of Surfactant Mixtures.- 4.2.3 Oil Specificity of Interfacial Activity.- 4.2.4 Emulsions (HLB Values).- 4.2.5 Polymeric Surfactants.- 4.3 Spread and Adsorbed Monolayers.- 4.3.1 Properties of Monolayers.- 4.3.2 Gibbs' Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect.- 4.3.3 Surface Shear Viscosity and Surface Dilatation Viscosity.- 4.3.4 Foam Stability.- 4.4 Surfactant Aggregates.- 4.4.1 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation.- 4.4.2 Kinetics of Micelle Formation.- 4.4.3 Properties of Micelles.- 4.4.4 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.- 4.4.5 Microemulsions.- 4.5 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces.- 4.5.1 Nonpolar Solids.- 4.5.2 Polar Solids.- 4.6 Theory of Washing and Cleaning.- 4.6.1 General Aspects.- 4.6.2 Oily and Fatty Soil.- 4.6.3 Effect of Surfactants on Solid Soil Particles.- 4.6.4 Effect of Sequestrants and Ion Exchangers.- 4.7 Literature.- 5 Performance in Detergents, Cleaning Agents and Personal Care Products.- 5.1 Detergents.- 5.1.1 Application Aspects.- 5.1.1.1 Partners in the Washing Process.- Textiles.- Laundry soils.- Water.- Washing machines.- Detergents.- 5.1.1.2 Wash Practices and Conditions in Various Countries/Continents.- Textiles.- Wear and use time periods.- Washing machines and water hardness.- Washing temperatures.- Time of agitation.- Detergent compositions.- 5.1.1.3 Test Methods.- Pure laboratory tests.- Artificially soiled test fabrics.- Detergency.- Foaming.- Fabric softeners.- Antiredeposition properties.- Incrustation.- Fabric damage.- Fabric color or dye damage.- Brightening effects.- Physical characteristics.- Practical evaluation.- Consumer test.- 5.1.1.4 Surfactants Structure/Effect Relationships.- Homologs.- Isomers.- Structures.- Sensitivity to water hardness.- Counterion influence.- Adsorption and effect.- 5.1.1.5 Textile Fiber and Detergency.- 5.1.2 Detergent Ingredients.- 5.1.2.1 Surfactants.- Anionic surfactants.- Nonionic surfactants.- Cationic surfactants.- Amphoteric surfactants.- 5.1.2.2 Builders.- Alkalis.- Complexing agents.- Ion exchangers.- 5.1.2.3 Bleaching Systems.- Peroxide or active oxygen bleach.- Hypochlorite bleaches.- 5.1.2.4 Auxiliary Agents.- Enzymes.- Antiredeposition agents.- Foaming stabilizers and regulators.- Fluorescent whitening agents or optical brighteners (FWA).- Corrosion inhibitors.- Perfumes.- Dyestuffs.- Fillers and formulation aids.- 5.1.3 Formulations of Household Detergents.- 5.1.3.1 Heavy-Duty or All-Purpose Detergents.- Heavy-duty detergent powders.- Liquid heavy-duty detergents.- 5.1.3.2 Specialty Detergents.- Specialty detergent powders.- Liquid specialty detergents.- 5.1.3.3 Laundry Aids.- Pretreatment aids.- Laundry or water softeners.- Laundry presoaking products.- Prewash soil and stain removers.- Boosters.- Laundry bleaches.- Laundry boosters.- Aftertreatment aids.- Fabric softeners.- Starches and stiffeners.- Fabric formers.- Laundry dryer aids.- 5.1.4 Institutional Detergents.- 5.1.4.1 Introduction.- 5.1.4.2 Detergents and Auxiliary Agents.- Partially built detergents.- Completely built detergents.- Detergents for the pre and main wash.- Perborate containing detergents.- Special detergents.- Wetting agents.- Bleaching agents.- Disinfection additives.- Souring agents.- Fabric softeners.- Miscellaneous products.- 5.1.4.3 The Future Development of Institutional Detergents.- 5.2 D…