Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts

The advent of artificial earth satellites in 1957-58 opened a new dimension in the field of geophysical exploration. Discovery of the earth's radiation belts, consisting of energetic electrons and ions (chiefly protons) trapped by the geomagnetic field, followed almost immediately [1,2]' This largely unexpected development spurred a continuing interest in magnetospheric exploration, which so far has led to the launching of several hundred carefully instrumented spacecraft. Since their discovery, the radiation belts have been a subject of intensive theoretical analysis also. Over the years, a semiquantitative understanding of the governing dynamical processes has gradually evol ved. The underlying kinematical framework of radiation-belt theory is given by the adiabatic theory of charged-particle motion [3J, and the interesting dynamical phenomena are associated with the violation of one or more of the kinematical invariants of adiabatic motion. Among the most important of the operative dynamical processes are those that act in a stochastic manner upon the radiation-belt particles. Such stochastic processes lead to the diffusion of particle distributions with respect to the adiabatic invariants. The observational data indicate that some form of particle diffusion plays an essential role in virtually every aspect of the radiation belts.

Inhalt
I. Adiabatic Invariants and Magnetospheric Models.- I.1 Preliminary Considerations.- I.2 Action-Angle Variables.- I.3 Liouville's Theorem.- I.4 The Dipole Field.- I.5 The Distorted Field.- I.6 Magnetospheric Electric Fields.- I.7 Flux Mapping and Shell Tracing.- II. Pitch-Angle Diffusion.- II.1 Violation of an Adiabatic Invariant.- II.2 Collisions.- II.3 Wave-Particle Interactions.- II.4 Bounce Resonance.- II.5 Cyclotron Resonance.- II.6 Limit on Trapped Flux.- II.7 Weak Diffusion and Strong Diffusion.- III. Radial Diffusion.- III.1 Violation of the Third Invariant.- III.2 Magnetic Impulses.- III.3 Electrostatic Impulses.- III.4 Bounce Resonance.- III.5 Cyclotron Resonance.- III.6 Bohm Diffusion.- III.7 Shell Splitting.- III.8 Diffusion in More Than One Mode.- IV. Prototype Observations.- IV.1 Preliminary Considerations.- IV.2 Decay of Particle Flux (Inner Zone).- IV.3 Decay of Particle Flux (Outer Zone).- IV.4 Statistical Observations.- IV.5 Static Flux Profiles.- IV.6 Time-Varying Flux Profiles.- I V.7 Fluctuating Magnetospheric Fields.- IV.8 Drift Echoes.- V. Methods of Empirical Analysis.- V.1 Basic Objectives.- V.2 Pitch-Angle Eigenmodes.- V.3 Quadrature (Spatial).- V.4 Quadrature (Temporal).- V.5 Variational Method.- V.6 Temporal Integration.- V.7 Spatial Integration.- VI. Summary.- References.- Frequently used Symbols.