Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements

Informationen zum Autor Taylor, John K. Klappentext This definitive new book should appeal to everyone who produces, uses, or evaluates scientific data. Ensures accuracy and reliability. Dr. Taylor's book provides guidance for the development and implementation of a credible quality assurance program, plus it also provides chemists and clinical chemists, medical and chemical researchers, and all scientists and managers the ideal means to ensure accurate and reliable work. Chapters are presented in a logical progression, starting with the concept of quality assurance, principles of good measurement, principles of quality assurance, and evaluation of measurement quality. Each chapter has a degree of independence so that it may be consulted separately from the others. Zusammenfassung This book is based on the premise that a good understanding of the basic principles of chemical measurement is a necessary prerequisite to achieving accurate data and to designing and implementing a credible quality assurance program. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface -- CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Quality Assurance -- CHAPTER 2. Precision, Bias, and Accuracy -- Axioms -- Corollaries -- Sources of Error -- Errors of Rounding -- Influence of Uncertainty on Decision -- CHAPTER 3. Statistical Control -- CHAPTER 4. Statistical Techniques -- Basic Requirements -- Distributions -- Statistics of Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from Replicate -- Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from Duplicate -- Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from the Range -- Pooling Estimates of Standard Deviations -- The Analysis of Variance -- Do Two Estimates of Precision Differ? -- What are the Confidence Limits for an Estimate of a -- Standard Deviation? -- Confidence Interval for a Mean -- Does a Measured Value Differ from an Expected -- Value? -- Do the Means of Two Measured Values Disagree -- Significantly? -- Statistical Tolerance Intervals -- Pooling Means to Obtain a Grand Average -- Outliers -- Rejection for an Assignable Cause -- Rule of the Huge Error -- Statistical Tests -- Dixon Test for Outlying Observations -- Grubbs Test for Outlying Observations -- Youden Test for Outlying Laboratories -- Cochran Test for Extreme Values of Variance -- Statistics of Control Charts -- Control Limits -- Central Line Considerations -- Agreement With Established Value -- Has the Central Line Changed? -- Use of Random Number Tables -- CHAPTER 5. Chemical Analysis as a System -- Systematic Approach to Analysis -- Effective Problem Solving -- CHAPTER 6. The Model -- Importance of a Model -- Development of a Model -- Data Quality Objectives -- CHAPTER 7. Planning -- General Aspects of Planning -- Development of an Experimental Plan -- Content of a Measurement Plan -- CHAPTER 8. Principles of Sampling -- Initial Considerations -- Sampling Plan -- Peer Review -- Training -- Sample Management -- Problem of Subsampling -- Critical Matters Related to Samples -- Quality Assurance of Sampling -- Sample Uncertainties -- Stratification -- Holding Time -- Statistical Considerations in Sampling -- Measurement Situations -- Statistical Sampling Plan -- Basic Assumptions -- Guidance in Sampling -- Cost Considerations -- Minimum Size of Increments in a Well-Mixed -- Sample -- Size of Sample in Segregated Materials -- Acceptance Testing -- Matrix-Related Sampling Problems -- Sampling Gases -- Sampling Liquids -- Sampling Solids -- Sampling Multiphases -- CHAPTER 9. Principles of Measurement -- Terminology -- Measurement is a Comparison Process -- Principles of Chemical Measurement -- Figures of Merit -- Precision -- Sensitivity -- Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation -- Short-term and Long-term Standard Deviation -- Bias -- Selectivity -- Other Considerations -- Importance of an SOP -- Ruggedness Testing -- Standardization of Methods -- Selection of Appropriate Methodology -- G...

Autorentext

Taylor, John K.

Klappentext

This definitive new book should appeal to everyone who produces, uses, or evaluates scientific data. Ensures accuracy and reliability. Dr. Taylor's book provides guidance for the development and implementation of a credible quality assurance program, plus it also provides chemists and clinical chemists, medical and chemical researchers, and all scientists and managers the ideal means to ensure accurate and reliable work. Chapters are presented in a logical progression, starting with the concept of quality assurance, principles of good measurement, principles of quality assurance, and evaluation of measurement quality. Each chapter has a degree of independence so that it may be consulted separately from the others.

Inhalt

Preface -- CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Quality Assurance -- CHAPTER 2. Precision, Bias, and Accuracy -- Axioms -- Corollaries -- Sources of Error -- Errors of Rounding -- Influence of Uncertainty on Decision -- CHAPTER 3. Statistical Control -- CHAPTER 4. Statistical Techniques -- Basic Requirements -- Distributions -- Statistics of Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from Replicate -- Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from Duplicate -- Measurements -- Estimation of Standard Deviation from the Range -- Pooling Estimates of Standard Deviations -- The Analysis of Variance -- Do Two Estimates of Precision Differ? -- What are the Confidence Limits for an Estimate of a -- Standard Deviation? -- Confidence Interval for a Mean -- Does a Measured Value Differ from an Expected -- Value? -- Do the Means of Two Measured Values Disagree -- Significantly? -- Statistical Tolerance Intervals -- Pooling Means to Obtain a Grand Average -- Outliers -- Rejection for an Assignable Cause -- Rule of the Huge Error -- Statistical Tests -- Dixon Test for Outlying Observations -- Grubbs Test for Outlying Observations -- Youden Test for Outlying Laboratories -- Cochran Test for Extreme Values of Variance -- Statistics of Control Charts -- Control Limits -- Central Line Considerations -- Agreement With Established Value -- Has the Central Line Changed? -- Use of Random Number Tables -- CHAPTER 5. Chemical Analysis as a System -- Systematic Approach to Analysis -- Effective Problem Solving -- CHAPTER 6. The Model -- Importance of a Model -- Development of a Model -- Data Quality Objectives -- CHAPTER 7. Planning -- General Aspects of Planning -- Development of an Experimental Plan -- Content of a Measurement Plan -- CHAPTER 8. Principles of Sampling -- Initial Considerations -- Sampling Plan -- Peer Review -- Training -- Sample Management -- Problem of Subsampling -- Critical Matters Related to Samples -- Quality Assurance of Sampling -- Sample Uncertainties -- Stratification -- Holding Time -- Statistical Considerations in Sampling -- Measurement Situations -- Statistical Sampling Plan -- Basic Assumptions -- Guidance in Sampling -- Cost Considerations -- Minimum Size of Increments in a Well-Mixed -- Sample -- Size of Sample in Segregated Materials -- Acceptance Testing -- Matrix-Related Sampling Problems -- Sampling Gases -- Sampling Liquids -- Sampling Solids -- Sampling Multiphases -- CHAPTER 9. Principles of Measurement -- Terminology -- Measurement is a Comparison Process -- Principles of Chemical Measurement -- Figures of Merit -- Precision -- Sensitivity -- Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation -- Short-term and Long-term Standard Deviation -- Bias -- Selectivity -- Other Considerations -- Importance of an SOP -- Ruggedness Testing -- Standardization of Methods -- Selection of Appropriate Methodology -- Guidelines for Selecting Instrumentation -- Internal vs External Services -- CHAPTER 10. Principles of Calibration -- What Needs to be Calibrated -- Requirements for Calibration -- Frequency of Calibration -- Mode of Calibration -- Linear Relationships -- Tests for Linearity -- Calibration Uncertainties -- Intercalibration…