As the importance of space reconnaissance technology intensifies, more and more countries are investing money in building their own space reconnaissance satellites. Due to the secrecy and sensitivity of the operations, it is hard to find published papers and journals on the topic outside of military and governmental agencies. This book aims to fill the gap by presenting the various applications and basic principles of a very modern technology. The space electronic reconnaissance system in mono/multi-satellite platforms is a critical feature which can be used for detection, localization, tracking or identification of the various kinds of signal sources from radar, communication or navigation systems.

Localization technology in space electronic reconnaissance uses single or multiple satellite receivers which receive signals from radar, communication and navigation emitters in the ground, ocean and space to specify the location of emitter. The methods, principles and technologies of different space electronic reconnaissance localization systems are introduced in this book, as are their performances, and the various methods are explained and analysed. Digital simulations illustrate the results.

Presents the theories and applications of determining the position of an object in space through the use of satellites
Introduces methods, principles and technologies of localization and tracking in the space electronic reconnaissance system, the localization algorithm and error in satellite system and near space platform system, and the tracking algorithm and error in single satellite-to-satellite tracking system
Provides the fundamentals, the mathematics, the limitations, the measurements, and systems, of localization with emphasis on defence industry applications

Highly relevant for Engineers working in avionics, radar, communication, navigation and electronic warfare.

Chapters include:- the introduction of space electronic reconnaissance localization technology, knowledge about the satellite orbit and basic terminology of passive localization, single satellite geolocation technology based on direction finding, three-satellite geolocation technology based on time difference of arrival (TDOA), two-satellite geolocation technology based on TDOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA), the single satellite localization technology based on kinematics theory, localization principles of near-space platform electronic reconnaissance systems, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings only(BO) information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings and frequency information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using frequency only(FO) information. Each chapter ends with a problem and solution section, some using Matlab code.

Autorentext

Fucheng Guo, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Yun Fan, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Yiyu Zhou, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Caigen Zhou, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Qiang Li, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Inhalt

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 An Overview of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation Technology 3 1.2.1 Geolocation of an Emitter on the Earth 3 1.2.2 Tracking of an Emitter on a Satellite 8 1.2.3 Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms 9 1.3 Structure of a Typical SER System 9 References 11 2 Fundamentals of Satellite Orbit and Geolocation 13 2.1 An Introduction to the Satellite and Its Orbit 13 2.1.1 Kepler's Three Laws 13 2.1.2 Classification of Satellite Orbits 15 2.2 Orbit Parameters and State of Satellite 18 2.2.1 Orbit Elements of a Satellite 18 2.2.2 Definition of Several Arguments of Perigee and Their Correlations 20 2.3 Definition of Coordinate Systems and Their Transformations 21 2.3.1 Definition of Coordinate Systems 21 2.3.2 Transformation between Coordinate Systems 25 2.4 Spherical Model of the Earth for Geolocation 27 2.4.1 Regular Spherical Model for Geolocation 27 2.4.2 Ellipsoid Model of the Earth 27 2.5 Coverage Area of a Satellite 30 2.5.1 Approximate Calculation Method for the Coverage Area 30 2.5.2 Examples of Calculation of the Coverage Area 31 2.5.3 Side Reconnaissance Coverage Area 33 2.6 Fundamentals of Geolocation 33 2.6.1 Spatial Geolocation Plane 34 2.6.2 Spatial Line of Position (LOP) 34 2.7 Measurement Index of Geolocation Errors 38 2.7.1 General Definition of Error 38 2.7.2 Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP) 40 2.7.3 Graphical Representation of the Geolocation Error 40 2.7.4 Spherical Error Probability (SEP) and Circular Error Probability (CEP) 41 2.8 Observability Analysis of Geolocation 44 References 45 3 Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on Direction Finding 47 3.1 Direction Finding Techniques 47 3.1.1 Amplitude Comparison DF Technique 48 3.1.2 Interferometer DF Technique 49 3.1.3 Array-Based DF Technique 55 3.1.4 Other DF Techniques 57 3.2 Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation Method and Analysis 57 3.2.1 Model of LOS Geolocation 57 3.2.2 Solution of LOS Geolocation 59 3.2.3 CRLB of the LOS Geolocation Error 60 3.2.4 Simulation and Analysis of the LOS Geolocation Error 62 3.2.5 Geometric Distribution of the LOS Geolocation Error 63 3.3 Multitimes Statistic LOS Geolocation 64 3.3.1 Single-Satellite Multitimes Triangulation 65 3.3.2 Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation 66 3.3.3 Weighted Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation 67 3.3.4 Simulation of Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation 67 3.4 Single HEO Satellite LOS Geolocation 73 3.4.1 Analysis of Single GEO Satellite LOS Geolocation 73 3.4.2 Geosynchronous Satellite Multitimes LOS Geolocation 74 References 77 4 Multiple Satellites Geolocation Based on TDOA Measurement 79 4.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on a Regular Sphere 80 4.1.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Solution Method 80 4.1.2 Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Method 82 4.1.3 CRLB of a Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Error 85 4.1.4 Osculation Error of the Spherical Earth Model 86 4.2 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on the WGS-84 Earth Surface Model 88 4.2.1 Analytical Method 89 4.2.2 Spherical Iteration Method 92 4.2.3 Newton Iteration Method 94 4.2.4 Performance Comparison among the Three Solution Methods 96 4.2.5 Altitude Input Location Algorithm 100 4.3 Ambiguity and No-Solution Problems of Geolocation 102 4.3.1 Ambiguity Problem of Geolocation 102 4.3.2 No-Solution Problem of Geolocation 106 4.4 Error Analysis of Three-Satellite Geolocation 109 4.4.1 Analysis of the Random Geolocation Error 109 4.4.2 Analysis of Bias Caused by Altitude Assumption 112 4.4.3 Influence of Change of the Constellation Geometric Configuration on GDOP 114 4.5 Calibration Method of the Three-Satellite TDOA Geolocation System 117 4.5.1 Four-Station Calibration Method and Analysis 117 4.5.2 Three-Station Calibration Method 125 References 130 5 Dual-Satellite Geolocation Based on TDOA and FDOA 133 5.1 Introduction of TDOA-FDOA Geolocation by a Dual-Satellite 133 5.1.1 Explanation of Dual-Satellite Geolocation Theory 133 5.1.2 Structure of Dual-Satellite TDOA-FDOA Geolocation System 134 5.2 Dual LEO Satellite TDOA-FDOA Geolocation Method 136 5.2.1 Geolocation Model 136 5.2.2 Solution Method of Algebraic Analysis 138 5.2.3 Approximate Analytical Method for Same-Orbit Satellites 141 5.2.4 Method for Eliminating an Ambiguous Geolocation Point 143 5.3 Error Analysis for TDOA-FDOA Geolocation 144 5.3.1 Analytic Method for the Geolocation Error 144 5.3.2 GDOP of the Dual LEO Satellite Geolocation Error 146 5.3.3 Anal…