Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems

Research on calcium phosphates has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Calcium phosphates are the major inorganic constituents of biological hard tissues such as teeth and bones and other pathological minerals. Calcium phosphates have been widely produced in industry, in such forms as, ceramics, nutrient supplements, medicines, dentifrices, and stabilizers for plastics. They are utilized in solid state chemistry as fluorescent lamp phosphors and play a role in waste water treatment processes. Calcium phosphates are important in industrial water treatment (Le. , boiler and cooling) where deposition of these salts on heat exchanger surfaces can lead to loss of system efficiency, overheating, unscheduled shutdown time, and ultimately heat exchanger failures. Effective control of calcium phosphate deposits continue to challenge the industrial scientist. Calcium phosphate deposits have also been encountered during pasteurization of milk. Calcium phosphates of interest include: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD, CaHP0-2H0), brushite; dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCP, CaHP0), 4 2 4 monetite; octacalcium phosphate (OCP, CasH2(P04)6-SH20); tricalcium phosphate (TCP, Ca3(P04h), whitlockite; and hydroxyapatite (HAP, Cas(P04h0H). Other calcium compounds of biological and industrial interest include: amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP); fluorapatite (FAP, CaS(P04)~); calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD, CaP07-2H0); calcium fluoride; and calcium phosphonates. 2 2 2 This book is intended to provide a comprehensive discussion on calcium phosphates in the diverse areas of their investigations.

Klappentext

Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems provides a comprehensive discussion on calcium phosphates in the diverse areas of their applications. The authors are all respected specialists in their particular fields, possessing wide knowledge and experience and able to analyze recent results and relate them to their respective areas of expertise. New information, as well as a review of current concepts, highlights the individual contributions. Due to the broad scope of the subject covered and the large number of contributions, this book is divided into three parts. Whilst each section contains a basic theme, there is a considerable overlapping of ideas and approaches. This reflects the excitement and interdisciplinary nature of investigations by researchers interested in dissimilar aspects of calcium phosphates. Considering the general interest in calcium phosphates, Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems is directed at an audience of researchers in the fields of biology, chemistry, dentistry, geology, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and medicine. It will also be useful to technology-focused researchers in industry whose investigations might be related directly or indirectly to calcium phosphates.

Zusammenfassung
Presents a comprehensive discussion on calcium phosphates in the diverse areas of their applications. This book is suitable for researchers in the fields of biology, chemistry, dentistry, geology, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and medicine.

Inhalt
Preface. Part I: General. 1. Calcium Phosphates: Structures: Composition, Solubility and Stability; M.S. Tung. 2. Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations; E.D. Eanes. 3. Growth of Calcium Phosphates on Different Substrates: Epitaxial Considerations; P.G. Koutsoukos. 4. Physicochemical Properties of Fluorapatite; L.C. Chow, M. Markovic. 5. Interfacial Properties of Calcium Phosphates; P. Somasundaran, B. Markovic. 6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Calcium Phosphates; J.P. Yesinowski. Part II: Calcium Phosphates in Biological Systems. 7. Influence of Metal Ions on the Crystal Growth of Calcium Phosphates; P.G. Koutsoukos. 8. Structure/Performance Relationships of Phosphorous and Carboxyl Containing Additives as Calcium Phosphate Crystal Growth Inhibitors; J.D. Sallis. 9. Crystal Growth of Calcium Phosphates in the Presence of Polymeric Inhibitors; S. Shimabayashi, T. Uno. 10. Calcium Phosphates for Medical Applications; C. Rey. 11. Importance of Calcium Phosphates in the Development of Calcium Urolithiasis; S.R. Khan. 12. Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Formation and Dissolution; K.P.H. Pritzker. 13. Calcium Phosphates in Pharmaceutical Product Development; M.A. Khan, I.K. Reddy. 14. Recent Advances in Dentifrice Technologies; A. Gaffar, J. Afflitto. 15. Preparation and Application of Calcium Phosphate Fibers; K. Ioku. Part III: Calcium Phosphates in Industrial Systems. 16. Development of Calcium Phosphate Inhibiting Polymers for Cooling Water Applications; Z. Amjad. 17. Mechanism of Calcium Phosphate Scale Formation and Inhibition in Cooling Systems; L.A. Perez. 18. The Role of Calcium Phosphate in Internal Boiler Water Treatment; J.S. Gill. 19. Equipment Fouling in the Dairy Application: Problem and Pretreatment; G. Daufin, J.-P. Labbé. 20. Phosphate Removal from Waste Water; M.M. Seckler, et al. 21. Phosphorous Speciation in Sediments and its Release Control; K. Ito, M. Okada. 22. Mechanistic Aspects of Calcium Phosphonates Precipitation; L.M. Frostman, et al. Index.