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Autorentext
Bob Cordell is an electrical engineer who has been deeply involved in audio since his adventures with vacuum tube designs in his teen years. He is an equal-opportunity designer to this day, having built amplifiers with vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors and MOSFETs. Bob is also a prolific designer of audio test equipment, including a high-performance THD analyzer and many purpose-built pieces of audio gear. He has published numerous articles and papers on power amplifier design and distortion measurement in the popular press and in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. In 1983 he published a power amplifier design combining vertical power MOSFETs with error correction, achieving unprecedented distortion levels of less than 0.001% at 20 kHz. He also consults in the audio and semiconductor industries.
Bob is also an avid DIY loudspeaker builder, and has combined this endeavor with his electronic interests in the design of powered audiophile loudspeaker systems. Bob and his colleagues have presented audiophile listening and measurement workshops at the Rocky Mountain Audio Fest and the Home Entertainment Show.
As an Electrical Engineer, Bob has worked at Bell Laboratories and other related telecommunications companies, where his work has included design of integrated circuits and fiber optic communications systems. Bob maintains an audiophile website at www.cordellaudio.com where diverse material on audio electronics, loudspeakers and instrumentation can be found.
Klappentext
This comprehensive book on audio power amplifier design will appeal to members of the professional audio engineering community as well as the student and enthusiast.
Inhalt
Part 1: Audio Power Amplifier Basics
1.1 Organization of the Book
1.2 The Role of the Power Amplifier
1.3 Basic Performance Specifications
1.4 Additional Performance Specifications
1.5 Output Voltage and Current
1.6 Basic Amplifier Topology
1.7 Summary
2.1 BJT Transistors
2.2 JFETs
2.3 Power MOSFETs
2.4 Basic Amplifier Stages
2.5 Current Mirrors
2.6 Current Sources and Voltage References
2.7 Complementary Feedback Pair (CFP)
2.8 Vbe Multiplier
2.9 Operational Amplifiers
2.10 Amplifier Design Analysis
3.1 About Simulation
3.2 The Basic Power Amplifier
3.3 Adding Input Stage Degeneration
3.4 Adding a Darlington VAS
3.5 Input Stage Current Mirror Load
3.6 The Output Triple
3.7 Cascoded VAS
3.8 Paralleling Output Transistors
3.9 Higher Power Amplifiers
3.10 Crossover Distortion
3.11 Performance Summary
3.12 Completing an Amplifier
3.13 Summary
4.1 The Basic Design
4.2 The Front-End: IPS, VAS and Pre-Drivers
4.3 Output Stage: Drivers and Outputs
4.4 Heat Sink and Thermal Management
4.5 Protection Circuits
4.6 Power Supply
4.7 Grounding
4.8 Building the Amplifier
4.9 Testing the Amplifier
4.10 Troubleshooting
4.11 Performance
4.12 Scaling
4.13 Upgrades
5.1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.2. A-weighted Noise Specifications
5.3 Noise Power and Noise Voltage
5.4 Noise Bandwidth
5.5 Noise Voltage Density and Spectrum
5.6 Relating Input Noise Density to Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.7 Amplifier Noise Sources
5.8 Thermal Noise
5.9 Shot Noise
5.10 Bipolar Transistor Noise
5.11 JFET Noise
5.12. Op Amp Noise
5.13 Noise Simulation
5.14 Amplifier Circuit Noise
5.15 Excess Resistor Noise
5.16 Zener and LED Noise
6.1 How Negative Feedback Works
6.2 Input-referred Feedback Analysis
6.3 Feedback Compensation and Stability
6.4 Feedback Compensation Principles
6.5 Evaluating Loop Gain
6.6 Evaluating Stability
6.7 Compensation Loop Stability
6.8 Slew Rate
7.1 Class A, AB and B Operation
7.2 The Complementary Emitter Follower Output Stage
7.3 Output Stage Efficiency
7.4 Complementary Feedback Pair Output Stages
7.5 Stacked Output Stages
7.6 Classes G and H
7.7 Class D
8.1 Power and Loads
8.2 Sizing the Power Supply
8.3 Sizing the Output Stage
8.4 Sizing the Heat Sink
8.5 Protecting the Amplifier and Loudspeaker
8.6 Power and Ground Distribution
8.7 Other Considerations
Part 2: Advanced Power Amplifier Design
9. Input and VAS Circuits
9.1 Single-Ended IPS-VAS
9.2 JFET Input Stages
9.3 Buffered Input Stages
9.4 CFP Input Stages
9.5 Complementary IPS and Push-Pull VAS
9.6 Unipolar Input Stage and Push-Pull VAS
9.7 Input Common Mode Distortion
9.8 Early Effect
9.9 Baker Clamps
9.10 Current Feedback Amplifiers
9.11 Example IPS/VAS
10.1 Origins and Consequences of DC Offset
10.2 DC Servo Basics
10.3 The Servo Is in the Signal Path
10.4 DC Offset Detection and Protection
10.5 DC Servo Example
10.6 Eliminating the Input Coupling Capacitor
10.7 DC Servo Design Issues and Nuances
11.1 Understanding Stability Issues
11.2 Miller Compensation
11.3 Miller Input Compensation
11.4 Two-Pole Compensation
11.5 Transitional Miller Compensation
11.6 A Vertical MOSFET TMC Amplifier Example
11.7 Conclusion
12.1 The Class AB Output Stage
12.2 Static Crossover Distortion
12.3 Optimum Bias and Bias Stability
12.4 Output Stage Driver Circuits
12.5 Output Transistor Matching Considerations
12.6 Dynamic Crossover Distortion
12.7 The Output Emitter Resistors
12.8 Output Networks
12.9 Output Stage Frequency Response and Stability
12.10 Sizing the Output Stage
12.11 Delivering High Current
12.12 Driving Paralleled Output Stages
12.13 Advanced Output Transistors
13.1. VAS Output Impedance and Stability
13.2. Complementary Feedback Pair
13.3 Output Stages with Gain
13.4 Bryston Output Stage
13.5 ThermalTrak™ Output Stage
13.6 Class A Output Stage
13.7 Crossover Displacement (Class XD™)
13.8 Double Cross™ Output Stage
13.9 Sliding Bias and Non-switching Output Stages
13.10 LT1166 Output Stage
13.11 Measuring Output Stage Distortion
13.12 Setting the Bias
14.1 MOSFET Types and Characteristics
14.2 MOSFET Advantages and Disadvantages
14.3 Lateral vs. Vertical Power MOSFETs
14.4 Parasitic Oscillations
14.5 Biasing Power MOSFETs
14.6 Crossover Distortion
14.7 Driving Power MOSFETs
14.8 Paralleling and Matching MOSFETs
14.9 Simulating MOSFET Power Amplifiers
14.10 A Lateral MOSFET Power Amplifier Design
14.11 A Vertical MOSFET Power Amplifier Design
15.1 Feedforward Error Correction
15.2 Hawksford Error Correction
15.3 Error Correction for MOSFET Output Stages
15.4 Stability and Compensation
15.5 Performance and Design Issues
15.6 Circuit Refinements and Nuances
15.7 A MOSFET Power Amplifier with Error Correction
16.1 Distortion Mechanisms
16.2 Early Effect Distortion
16.3 Junction Capacitance Distortion
16.4 Grounding Distortion
16.5 Power Rail Distortion
16.6 Input Common Mode Distortion
16.7 Resistor Distortion
16.8 Capacitor Distortion
16.9 Inductor and Magnetic Distortions
16.10 Magnetic Induction Distortion
16.11 Fuse, Relay and Connector Distortion
16.12 Load Induced Distortion
16.13 EMI-Induced Distortion
16.14 Thermally Induced Distortion (Memory Distortion)
Part 3: Real World Design Considerations
17.1 Power Dissipation vs. Power an…