Impedance Spectroscopy

This book presents a balance of theoretical considerations and practical problem solving of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This book incorporates the results of the last two decades of research on the theories and applications of impedance spectroscopy, including more detailed reviews of the impedance methods applications in industrial colloids, biomedical sensors and devices, and supercapacitive polymeric films. The book covers all of the topics needed to help readers quickly grasp how to apply their knowledge of impedance spectroscopy methods to their own research problems. It also helps the reader identify whether impedance spectroscopy may be an appropriate method for their particular research problem. This includes understanding how to correctly make impedance measurements, interpret the results, compare results with expected previously published results form similar chemical systems, and use correct mathematical formulas to verify the accuracy of the data.

Unique features of the book include theoretical considerations for dealing with modeling, equivalent circuits, and equations in the complex domain, review of impedance instrumentation, best measurement methods for particular systems and alerts to potential sources of errors, equations and circuit diagrams for the most widely used impedance models and applications, figures depicting impedance spectra of typical materials and devices, extensive references to the scientific literature for more information on particular topics and current research, and a review of related techniques and impedance spectroscopy modifications.

Vadim F. Lvovich is currently a Chief Principal Engineer in the Aerospace and Electronics division of Crane Corporation. He also holds a position as an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. His career has encompassed a number of senior level research and development positions in specialty chemicals, petrochemicals, biomedical devices, sensors, and electronics industries. He has authored over forty major research publications and review chapters, received nine patents, and given thirty major conference presentations.

This book presents a balance of theoretical considerations and
practical problem solving of electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy. This book incorporates the results of the last two
decades of research on the theories and applications of impedance
spectroscopy, including more detailed reviews of the impedance
methods applications in industrial colloids, biomedical sensors and
devices, and supercapacitive polymeric films. The book covers all
of the topics needed to help readers quickly grasp how to apply
their knowledge of impedance spectroscopy methods to their own
research problems. It also helps the reader identify whether
impedance spectroscopy may be an appropriate method for their
particular research problem. This includes understanding how to
correctly make impedance measurements, interpret the results,
compare results with expected previously published results form
similar chemical systems, and use correct mathematical formulas to
verify the accuracy of the data.

Unique features of the book include theoretical considerations
for dealing with modeling, equivalent circuits, and equations in
the complex domain, review of impedance instrumentation, best
measurement methods for particular systems and alerts to potential
sources of errors, equations and circuit diagrams for the most
widely used impedance models and applications, figures depicting
impedance spectra of typical materials and devices, extensive
references to the scientific literature for more information on
particular topics and current research, and a review of related
techniques and impedance spectroscopy modifications.

Autorentext

Vadim F. Lvovich is currently a Chief Principal Engineer in the Aerospace and Electronics division of Crane Corporation. He also holds a position as an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. His career has encompassed a number of senior level research and development positions in specialty chemicals, petrochemicals, biomedical devices, sensors, and electronics industries. He has authored over forty major research publications and review chapters, received nine patents, and given thirty major conference presentations.

Leseprobe
Preface

Since its conceptual introduction in the late 19th century, the impedance spectroscopy has undergone a tremendous evolution into a rich and vibrant multidisciplinary science. Over the last decade Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has become established as one of the most popular analytical tools in materials research. The technique is being widely and effectively applied to a large number of important areas of materials research and analysis, such as corrosion studies and corrosion control; monitoring of properties of electronic and ionic conducting polymers, colloids and coatings; measurements in energy storage, batteries, and fuel cells-related systems; biological analysis and biomedical sensors; measurements in semiconductors and solid electrolytes; studies of electrochemical kinetics, reactions and processes. Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful technique for investigating electrochemical systems and processes. EIS allows to study, among others, such processes as adsorption, charge- and mass-transport, and kinetics of coupled sequential and parallel reactions.

In a broader sense, EIS is an extraordinarily versatile, sensitive, and informative technique broadly applicable to studies of electrochemical kinetics at electrode-media interfaces and determination of conduction mechanisms in various materials through bound or mobile electronic, ionic, semiconductor, and mixed charges. Impedance analysis is fundamentally based on a relatively simple electrical measurement that can be automated and remotely controlled. Its main strength lies in its ability to interrogate relaxation phenomena whose time constants ranging over several orders of magnitude from minutes down to microseconds. In contrast to other analytical techniques, EIS is noninvasive technique that can be used for on-line analysis and diagnostics. The method offers the most powerful on-line and off-line analysis of the status of electrodes, monitors and probes in many different complex time- and space-resolved processes that occur during electrochemical experiments. For instance, the EIS technique has been broadly practiced in the development of sensors for monitoring rates of materials' degradation, such as metal corrosion and biofouling of implantable medical devices.

EIS is useful as an empirical quality-control procedure that can also be employed to interpret fundamental electrochemical and electronic processes. Experimental impedance results can be correlated with many practically useful chemical, physical, mechanical, and electrical variables. With the current availability of ever evolving automated impedance equipment covering broad frequency and potential ranges, the EIS studies have become increasingly popular as more and more electrochemists, material scientists, and engineers understand the theoretical basis for impedance spectroscopy and gain skill in the impedance data interpretation.

The impedance technique appears destined to play an increasingly important role in fundamental and applied electrochemistry and material science in the coming years. However, broader practical utilization of EIS has been hindered by the lack of comprehensive and cohesive explanation of the theory, measurements, analysis techniques, and types of acquired data for different investigated systems. These factors may be connected with the fact that existing literature reviews of EIS are very often difficult to understand by non-specialists. As will be sho…