The Digital Factory for Knowledge

This book explores how the technical upheavals of the 21st century have changed the structures and architecture of the creation, sharing and regulation of knowledge. From the new economic and technical models of production and dissemination of knowledge, the book deals with all new forms of valorisation. It also explains how the legislative deficit in the world and in Europe, around digital is being filled by new initiatives, such as the law for a Digital Republic, in France. It is therefore a book that provides a valuable follow-up to the book "The New Challenges of Knowledge", of which it constitutes the continuation and operational deepening.

Autorentext
Alain Bensoussan, Consultant. Marie Blanquart, Sciences Po Paris, France. Lucille Colin, Sciences Po Paris, France. Renaud Fabre, CNRS, France.

Inhalt
Preface xi
Renaud FABRE and Alain BENSOUSSAN

Part 1. Scientific Resources and Data Economy 1

**Chapter 1. Data Production and Sharing: Towards a Universal Right? 3
**Marie BLANQUART, Thomas DESCOUS and Ewen HUET

1.1. The right to knowledge today: between attempts at universalization and self-regulation by the GAFA 4

1.1.1. Towards the emergence of a universal right to knowledge subject to divergent economic thinking 5

1.1.2. The recognition of a universal right to knowledge: a realistic utopia? 6

1.2. Platform and scientific community rights: the absence of an upfront legal framework 7

1.2.1. A system partly caused by the development of the digital sector 7

1.2.2. The now-fragile law attempting to protect the results of research 8

1.2.3. Intellectual property rights 8

1.2.4. The notion of databases and protection by sui generis law 9

1.2.5. Problems with the legal statute of knowledge 11

1.3. The need to elaborate several types of legislation 12

1.3.1. Platform rights 12

1.3.2. Text and Data Mining: the great new stake 14

1.4. Open Science: an achievable goal? 15

**Chapter 2. Data: a Simple Raw Material? 19
**Bertrand PELETIER and Thomas DESCOUS

2.1. The new generation of data: management issues arising from ownership rights 19

2.2. How to transform these data into knowledge? 20

2.3. A new knowledge economy is necessary 21

2.3.1. The information war and the stakes of data protection 21

2.4. International scientific publishing: high added-value services and researcher community 22

2.4.1. The open platform as the preferred tool for sharing and exploiting data 22

2.4.2. An undeniable added value in processing data brought about by platforms 24

**Chapter 3. New Knowledge Tools 27
**Christoph LOHSCHELDER

3.1. Sharing and uncertainty 27

3.2. Platform construction 28

3.3. Machine learning 30

3.4. Promising progress to be qualified 31

Part 2. The Knowledge Factory 33

**Chapter 4. Economic Models of Knowledge Sharing 35
**Vincent GIACOBBI

4.1. A quick historic overview 35

4.2. Property and/or sharing 35

4.3. An immaterial good capable of fueling the production of material goods 37

4.4. The large stakes of knowledge production 38

4.4.1. Limits of this model: consistency, reliability and indistinction 39

4.4.2. Business models of knowledge sharing 39

4.4.3. Some numbers 40

4.5. Development prospects allowing for new fields of study and more nimbly integrating researchers into the economic chain 41

**Chapter 5. From the Author to the Valorizer 43
**Lucile COLLIN

5.1. The author and the valorizer: conciliation and efficiency of the interaction 43

5.2. One point on patents 44

5.3. The innovation cycle 45

5.4. The law for a Digital Republic 46

5.5. Scientific openness surpassing ancient legal tools 48

**Chapter 6. Valorization: a Global Geopolitical Stake 51
**Marie BLANQUART

6.1. A multispeed competition 51

6.1.1. The United States: a country losing its lead 51

6.1.2. French stagnation 53

6.1.3. The expanding Chinese model 54

6.2. International cooperation in the scientific sector 57

6.2.1. A developing European project 57

6.2.2. International organizations 58

**Chapter 7. Focus: the Chinese Patent Strategy 61
**Vincent GIACOBBI

7.1. Chinese expansion 62

7.2. An inflation of Chinese patents 63

7.3. Some fallbacks in China nuancing its strategic position 65

7.3.1. A fallback in favor of applied research 66

7.3.2. Territorial withdrawal 66 7.3.3. A long certification process with uncertain en...