Engineering, Medicine and Science at the Nano-Scale

Das führende Lehrbuch der Nanotechnologie und ein Kompendium von Lehrveranstaltungen der Penn State University: didaktisch fundiert mit Lernzielen am Beginn der Kapitel, Kapitelzusammenfassungen und Literaturhinweisen.

Autorentext
Stephen Fonash is Chaired Professor of Engineering Sciences at Penn State University, USA. During his academic career he received numerous honors and awards, including a fellowship of the Electrochemical Society and the Thomas D. Callinan Award for outstanding contributions to dielectric science and technology. He is also Director of the National Science Foundation Nanotechnology Applications and Career Knowledge Center, Founder and Director of the Penn State Center for Nanotechnology Education and Utilization, and co-founder and chief technical officer of Solarity, LLC, State College, PA.

Marcel Van de Voorde is special advisor at IMEC, Belgium. He studied industrial and chemical engineering and received his PhD in nuclear engineering from the University of Nancy, France. He was co-founder and professor at the Hoger Instituut der Kempen, Geel, and the Technical Institute Don Bosco, Hoboken in Belgium. He further holds professorships at the Catholic University of Leuven, Ghent University, Delft University of Technology and is visiting professor at several recognized universities in Europe, US, Japan and China.

Zusammenfassung
Students at universities the world over will benefit from the authors' concise treatment, arising out of lectures given for a graduate and advanced undergraduate course at Penn State University (USA) and University of Technology Delft (NL).

The textbook begins by addressing, in general terms, the phenomena and peculiarities that occur at the nanoscale. In the following five chapters, readers are introduced in detail to nanoscale physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology, followed by chapters on synthesis and fabrication as well as characterization at the nanoscale. In the next four chapters a variety of exemplary applications taken from a wide range of sectors are also presented and discussed. Concerns for safety, environmental impact, workforce development, economic wellbeing, and societal change issues arising from nanotechnology are woven throughout the book and additionally form the focus of the last two chapters.

Inhalt

Preface xiii

Acknowledgment xv

1 Nanotechnology:What,Why, andWhy Now? 1

1.1 What Is Nanotechnology? 1

1.2 Why Is Nanotechnology So Unique? 3

1.3 Where Did Nanotechnology Come From? 11

1.4 Why Has Nanotechnology Burst Forth Now? 12

2 Some Physics Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Some Pertinent Physics Fundamentals 15

2.2.1 Energy Quantization 15

2.2.2 WaveParticle Duality 17

2.2.3 Particles andWaves 17

2.2.3.1 Electrons and ProbabilityWaves 19

2.2.3.2 Photons and E-MWaves 22

2.2.4 Some Further Aspects of QuantumMechanics 25

2.2.4.1 Tunneling 25

2.2.4.2 Uncertainty 27

2.2.4.3 Quantum Fluctuations 27

2.2.4.4 Entanglement 28

2.2.5 Statistics and Thermodynamics 29

2.2.5.1 StatisticalMechanics 29

2.2.5.2 Thermal Fluctuations 33

3 Some Chemistry Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Some Pertinent Chemistry Fundamentals 35

3.2.1 The Single Electron Atom 35

3.2.2 Multielectron Atoms 39

3.2.3 Nanoparticles 40

3.2.3.1 Functionalized Nanoparticles 40

3.2.3.2 Nanoparticle Assembly 41

3.2.4 Chemical Bonding of Atoms, Molecules, and Nanoparticles 41

3.2.4.1 Covalent Bonding 41

3.2.4.2 𝜋 Stacking 42

3.2.4.3 Ionic Bonding 43

3.2.4.4 Metallic Bonding 43

3.2.4.5 Permanent Dipole Bonding 43

3.2.4.6 Fluctuating Dipole Bonding 44

3.2.4.7 Philicity and Phobicity Interactions 44

3.3 Supramolecular Chemistry 45

3.4 Quantum Chemistry 45

4 Some Biology and Biochemistry Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology 49

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Some Pertinent Biology and Biochemistry Fundamentals 49

4.2.1 Cells, Biomolecules, and Machinery 49

4.2.2 The Molecules of Life 52

4.2.2.1 Carbohydrates 52

4.2.2.2 Lipids 55

4.2.2.3 Nucleic Acids 55

4.2.2.4 Proteins 57

4.3 Viruses 57

4.4 Microbes, Molecules, and Nanomaterials 57

4.5 Applying Biology to Nanotechnology Systems 58

5 Some Materials Science Fundamentals Pertinent to Nanotechnology 59

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Some Materials Fundamentals 59

5.2.1 Structure of a Solid 59

5.2.2 Quantum State of a Solid 61

5.2.2.1 Valence Electron states in a 3-D Solid 62

5.2.2.2 Vibration Modes in a 3-D Solid 68

5.2.2.3 Valence Electron States in 2-D Solids 69

5.2.2.4 Vibration Modes in 2-D Solids 72

5.2.2.5 Valence Electron States in 1-D Materials 72

5.2.2.6 Vibration Modes in 1-D Materials 73

5.2.2.7 Valence Electron States in 0-D Materials 76

5.2.2.8 Vibration Modes in 0-D Materials 77

5.2.2.9 Topological Materials 77

5.2.3 Spin and Orbital Angular Magnetic Moment in Solids 79

6 Properties of Nanotechnology Materials 81

6.1 Introduction 81

6.2 Material Properties and the Nanoscale 81

6.2.1 Electrical Conduction Properties of Nanomaterials 81

6.2.2 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials 84

6.2.3 Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials 88

6.2.4 Catalytic Properties 89

6.2.5 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties 89

6.2.6 Mechanical Properties 92

7 An Overview of Nanotechnology Characterization Approaches 95

7.1 Introduction 95

7.2 Visible Range Light: Optical Microscopy 96

7.3 Probe Nanocharacterization Methods 98

7.3.1 Probe Microscopies 99

7.3.1.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 99

7.3.1.2 Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) 103

7.3.1.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) 103 7.3.1.4 Kelvin Probe Force Microscope (KPFM) 1...