Smart Grids

On a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services. The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.

Autorentext

Nourredine Hadjsaïd is Professor at Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France, Director of the IDEA Consortium and a member of the International Energy Agency. Jean-Claude Sabonnadière is Emeritus Professor at the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France. He is also an advisor to the President of the Industrial Cluster TENERRDIS (Alternative Energies), a consultant on energy systems and innovation, Life Fellow of the IEEE (USA), Fellow of IEE (UK), Emeritus of SEE (France).

Inhalt
Foreword xv
Ronnie BELMANS

Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1
Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE

1.1. Introduction 1

1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1

1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5

1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7

1.4. The European energy perspective 10

1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15

1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16

1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17

1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18

1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18

1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19

1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20

1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21

1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22

1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23

1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23

1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28

1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30

1.13. Conclusion 30

1.14. Bibliography 31

Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33
Catherine FAILLIET

2.1. Key trends 33

2.1.1. The crisis 33

2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35

2.1.3. New technologies 35
2.2. The evolution of the individual's relationship to energy 37

2.2.1. Curiosity 37

2.2.2. The need for transparency 38

2.2.3. Responsibility 38

2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39

2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39

2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40

2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40

2.4. SmartGrids from the customer's point of view 42

2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42

2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45

2.4.3. The consumers' reluctance 47

2.5. What about possible business models? 49

2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz and the search for a business model 49

2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52

2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54

2.6. Bibliography 56

Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57
Hervé MIGNON

3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58

3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62

3.3. New challenges 68

3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72

3.5. Conclusion 76

3.6. Bibliography 77

Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79
Jean-Louis COULLON

4.1. Introduction 79

4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80

4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81

4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83

4.3. Demand response 87

4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90

4.4.1. New storage methods 90

4.4.2. Microgrids 91

4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92

4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92

4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94

4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94

4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95

4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97

4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98

4.7. Smart asset management 99

4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102

4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102

4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103

4.8.3. Renewables 103 4.8.4. Investment ...