Hybridization, Diagnostic and Prognostic of PEM Fuel Cells

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. It has a place in the energy mix of the future, especially regarding fuel cells (FCs). This book is an investigation into FCs. Prominence is given to the subject of PEMFCs (proton exchange membrane fuel cells) as they offer interesting perspectives on transport and stationary applications. This being said, a number of technological and scientific obstacles remain to be overcome before an industrial level of development can be reached.

Autorentext

Samir Jemeï is Associate Professor (HDR) at the University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, France. For over twenty years he has been working in the field of fuel cells, specifically on FC hybridization and the diagnostic and prognostic of FC generators.

Inhalt

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

2 Introduction to Physics of the Solid State 8

2.1 Structure 8

2.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 8

2.1.2 Crystal Structures 9

2.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 12

2.1.4 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 15

2.1.5 Lattice Vibrations 18

2.2 Energy Bands 20

2.2.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 20

2.2.2 Reciprocal Space 22

2.2.3 Energy Bonds and Gaps of Semiconductors 23

2.2.4 Effective Masses 28

2.2.5 Fermi Surfaces 29

2.3 Localized Particles 30

2.3.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 30

2.3.2 Mobility 31

2.3.3 Excitons 32

3 Methods of Measuring Properties 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Structure 36

3.2.1 Atomic Structures 36

3.2.2 Crystallography 37

3.2.3 Particle Size Determination 42

3.2.4 Surface Structure 45

3.3 Microscopy 46

3.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 46

3.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 51

3.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 51

3.4 Spectroscopy 58

3.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 58

3.4.2 Photoemission and X-Ray Spectroscopy 62

3.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 68

4 Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 72

4.1 Introduction 72

4.2 Metal Nanoclusters 74

4.2.1 Magic Numbers 74

4.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 75

4.2.3 Geometric Structure 78

4.2.4 Electronic Structure 81

4.2.5 Reactivity 83

4.2.6 Fluctuations 86

4.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 86

4.2.8 Bulk to Nanotransition 88

4.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 90

4.3.1 Optical Properties 90

4.3.2 Photofragmentation 92

4.3.3 Coulombic Explosion 93

4.4 Rare Gas and Molecular Clusters 94

4.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 94

4.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 95

4.4.3 Molecular Clusters 96

4.5 Methods of Synthesis 97

4.5.1 RF Plasma 97

4.5.2 Chemical Methods 98

4.5.3 Thermolysis 99

4.5.4 Pulsed Laser Methods 100

4.6 Conclusion 101

5 Carbon Nanostructures 103

5.1 Introduction 103

5.2 Carbon Molecules 103

5.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 103

5.2.2 New Carbon Structures 105

5.3 Carbon Clusters 106

5.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 106

5.3.2 Discovery of C60 107

5.3.3 Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 110

5.3.4 Alkali-Doped C60 110

5.3.5 Superconductivity in C60 112

5.3.6 Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 113

5.3.7 Other Buckyballs 113

5.4 Carbon Nanotubes 114

5.4.1 Fabrication 114

5.4.2 Structure 117

5.4.3 Electrical Properties 118

5.4.4 Vibrational Properties 122

5.4.5 Mechanical Properties 123

5.5 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 125

5.5.1 Field Emission and Shielding 125

5.5.2 Computers 126

5.5.3 Fuel Cells 127

5.5.4 Chemical Sensors 128

5.5.5 Catalysis 129

5.5.6 Mechanical Reinforcement 130

6 Bulk Nanostructured Materials 133

6.1 Solid Disordered Nanostructures 133

6.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 133

6.1.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 137

6.1.3 Mechanical Properties 139

6.1.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 141

6.1.5 Electrical Properties 142

6.1.6 Other Properties 147

6.1.7 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 148

6.1.8 Porous Silicon 150

6.2 Nanostructured Crystals 153

6.2.1 Natural Nanocrystals 153 6...