Russian Orthography

Russian Orthography provides a complete range of information on all aspects of the Russian language. This book discusses the Russian alphabet and a number of orthographic rules.

Organized into six chapters, this book begins with an overview of the rules of orthography that is closely connected with the condition and laws of development of the lexical composition and grammatical structure of a language. This text then explains the correct use of vowels and consonants in spelling. Other chapters consider the general rules in the correct use of the hyphen. This book discusses as well the correct use of capital letters and the rules for writing of abbreviations. The final chapter deals with the general rules for the correct division of words.

This book is a valuable resource for students and teachers.

Inhalt

Preface

Introduction

The Correct Use of Vowels in Spelling

I. Vowels After Sibilants and

?§ 1. y, a, After , , ,

?§ 2. and After

?§ 3. and After

?§ 4. Stressed o and e After , , ,

?§ 5. Unstressed o and e After , , ,

?§ 6. o and e After

II. The Vowels and After prefixes

?§ 7. Instead of After Prefixes

III. The Letter

?§ 8. In Russian Words

?§ 9. In Foreign Words

IV. The Letter

?§ 10. When this Letter is Used

V. General Rules for the Spelling of Unstressed Vowels

?§ 11. The Basic Rule for the Spelling of Unstressed Vowels

? § 12. When the Spelling Cannot be Determined by this Rule

VI. Unstressed Vowels in Word Roots

§ 13. The Vowels a and o in Roots -/ , c( )-/ c( )- -/ o -, r -/r -, -/ -

§ 14. Alternation of and e in Verbs

VII. Unstressed Vowels in Prefixes

§ 15. Prefixes - ( c-)/ - ( c-)

§ 16. Prefixes - and n e- 10

VIII. Unstressed Vowels in Suffixes

§ 17. Suffixes - and -e

§ 18. Suffixes -e and -

§ 19. Suffixes -e - and - -

§ 20. Suffixes - - and -e -

§ 21. Suffixes - -, - -, and the Combination of - - in the Base with the Suffix - -

§ 22. Suffixes - -, - -, - -, - - suffix -

§ 23. Nouns with - and -

§ 24. Suffixes - -, - -

§ 25. Suffixes - - (- -) and - -

§ 26. Suffixes - - (- -), - - (- -), - - (- -) in Past Passive Participles and in Adjectives and Nouns Formed from them

§ 27. Suffixes of Present Participles

§ 28. The Vowel e in the Short Form of Adjectives

§ 29. Suffixes - - and - -

§ 30. Suffixes - - and - -

§ 31. The Vowel in Collective Numerals

§ 32. The Vowel in Suffixes of Comparatives

§ 33. Verbs in - , - , - , - , -

§ 34. Vowels Before the Suffix - - in Semelfactive Verbs

§ 35. Verbs in -

§ 36. Final Vowels in the Stems of Infinitive Verbs Before -

IX. Unstressed Connecting Vowels

§ 37. Connecting Vowels Between Stems

X. Vowels in Certain Unstressed Case-Endings

§ 38. Forms with - and -

§ 39. Forms with - , - , etc., Formation of Masculine Nouns with - and -

§ 40. Endings - and - in Prepositional and Dative Cases

§ 41. Endings - and - in Genitive Plurals

§ 42, § 43. Endings - and - in Instrumental Cases of Surnames in - ( ), - ( ), - ( ) and - ( )

XI. Unstressed Vowels in Personal Verb Endings

§ 44. Personal Endings of Verbs of I and II Conjugations

XII. Unstressed Final Vowels in Adverbs and Prepositions

§ 45. Adverbs Formed by Joining Prepositions to the Short Forms of Adjectives or to Pronouns

§ 46. The Adverb

§47. The Prepositions , ,

XIII. The Unstressed Particles and

§ 48. Distinction Between and

The Correct Use of Consonants in Spelling

I. General Rules

§ 49. The Basic Rule of the Correct Use of Consonants in Spelling

§ 50. Consonants in Prefixes

§ 51. and Before , and

§ 52. and the Combinations , in Adjectives in - , -

§ 53. Determination of a Consonant Preceding Another Consonant in a Group

§ 54. and Combinations , , , , ,

§ 55. Numerals in -

§ 56. and in Combinations of Prefixes and Roots

§ 57. Endings - r , - r in Adjectives and Pronouns

II. Double Consonants

§ 58. Double Consonants in Combinations of Prefixes and Roots

§ 59. Double Consonants in Compound Abbreviations

§ 60. and in Adjectives And Adverbs in Combinations of Roots and Suffixes

§ 61. Suffixes - - and - -, - - and - -, and the Suffix - - in Adjectives Formed from Nouns

§ 62. in Past Passive Participles

§ 63. and in Adjectives Formed from Past Passive Participles

§ 64. and in Adverbs in -

§ 65. and in the Short Forms of Adjectives and Past Passive Participles

§ 66. and

§ 67. Double Consonants Instead of Triple

§ 68. Double Consonants in Foreign Words

§ 69. Double Consonants in Words Formed from Bases Ending in Two Identical Consonants

The Letters and

§ 70. Before , ,

§ 71. Before , , ,

§ 72. to Indicate the Softness of Final Consonants

§ 73. in Numerals, in the Instrumental Plural of Nouns and in the Imperative Mood of Verbs

§ 74. The Absence of in Adjectives with the Prefix - -, and in the Genitive Plural of Nouns in -

§ 75. After , , ,

The Use of the Hyphen

I. General Rules

§ 76. Words of Various Types Written without a Hyphen

§ 77. Words of Various Types Written with a Hyphen

II. Nouns

§ 78. Written without a Hyphen

§ 79. Written with a Hyphen

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Written without a Hyphen

§ 81. Written with a Hyphen

IV. Numerals

§ 82. Written without a Hyphen

V. Adverbs

§ 83. Written without a Hyphen

§ 84. Written with a Hyphen

VI. Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Interjections

§ 85. Written without a Hyphen

§ 86. Written with a Hyphen

§ 87. , , Written Separately

VII. The Correct Spelling of and

§ 88. Joined to Another Word

§ 89. Written Separately

§ 90. Joined to Another Word

§ 91. Written Separately

The Use of Capital Letters

§ 92. In the First Word of a Text, After a Full-Stop, Three Full Stops, an Interrogation or an Exclamation Mark

§ 93. In the First Word of a Sentence Following an Exclamation Mark Placed After an Apostrophe or Interjection

§ 94. After a Colon

§ 95. In Christian Names, Patronymics, Surnames, Pseudonyms; Nouns Formed from the Names of Individuals; Ranks, Titles and Offices

§ 96. Names Taken from Religions and Mythology

§ 97. Names of Individual Animals

§ 98. Dramatis Personae of Fables And Plays

§ 99. Adjectives Formed from the Names of Individual Persons

§ 100. Names of Astronomical, Geographical and Other Objects

§ 101. Adjectives Formed from Geographical Names

§ 102. Names of Historical Events, Epochs, Documents, Works of Art

§ 103. Names of Revolutionary Holidays and Memorable Dates

§ 104. Names of Orders

§ 105, § 106. Names of Institutions and Organizations

§ 107. Names of Political Parties

§ 108. Names Enclosed in Inverted Commas

§ 109. Special Stylistic Uses

Initial, Compound and Graphic Abbreviations

§ 110. Compound Abbreviations Written as One Word

§ 111. Use of Small Letters in Initial Letter and Compound Abbreviations

§ 112. Initial Capital Letters in Compound Abbreviations

§ 113. Capital Letters in Initial Letter Abbreviations

§ 114. Compound Abbreviations Formed from an Abbreviated Word and Initial Letters

§115. Conventional Graphic Abbreviations

§116. List of Generally Accepted Abbreviations

Rules for the Division of Words

§ 117, § 124. General Rules

Abbreviations

Vocabulary and Index